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CU-Boulder GEOL 1010 - Climate Systems

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1Climate SystemsChapter 15 Clicker Question •What is the approximate CO2content of the atmosphere? –A. 0.004% (40 ppm)–B. 0.04% (400 ppm)–C. 0.4% (4000 ppm)–D. 4% (40,000 ppm)–E. 40% (400,000 ppm)Clicker Question •What is the approximate CO2content of the atmosphere? –A. 0.004% (40 ppm)–B. 0.04% (400 ppm)–C. 0.4% (4000 ppm)–D. 4% (40,000 ppm)–E. 40% (400,000 ppm)Clicker Question •The CO2content of the atmosphere has increased by more than 20% in the past 50 years.–A. True –B. FalseClicker Question •The CO2content of the atmosphere has increased by 19% in the past 50 years.–A. True –B. FalseSystems?•What is a system?•Geologic phenomena are complex.•All processes are related to, and interact with, other processes.•So it is useful to think of geologic processes as systems or cycles.2Earth Systems•Earth Interior Systems–Mantle Convection and Plate Tectonics–Core Convection and Magnetic Field –Rock Cycle (weathering & metamorphism)•Atmospheric/Biospheric Systems–Hydrologic Cycle –Ocean Cycles (Circulation and El Niño)–Carbon Cycle (CO2in atmosphere)–Oxygen CycleEarth Interior Systems•Rock Cycle–Igneous-Weathering-Sedimentation-Metamorphism•Mantle Cycle–Mantle Convection, Crust Formation, and Subduction = Plate Tectonics –Water Cycling•Core Convection–Magnetic Field - Ozone shieldEarth Interior Systems:Deep Water Cycle•Ocean crust hydrates on ocean bottom.•Crust and lithosphere subduct.•>90% of water is returned at arc volcanoes•1 to 10% of this water goes deep.•This water is returned at mid ocean ridges.Earth Interior Systems:Deep Water Cycle•0.2% H2O in subducting crust is sufficient to recycle the oceans once in 4 Gy.•Oceans (0.025% of Earth mass) is maintained by a deep cycle of H in high pressure minerals.•H solubility in rock is responsible for the style of plate tectonics. Atmospheric/Biospheric Systems: Human Impact•Hydrologic Cycle–Evaporation - Transport - Precipitation - Flow•Ocean Cycles–Global Circulation & El Niño•Carbon Cycle (Greenhouse Gas)–CO2- Photosynthesis - Carbon -Carbonates•Oxygen Cycle–O2in atmosphere is biogenic–Incompatible with methane (CH4)Hydrologic Cyclein 1000’s km3/y3Carbon Cycle: Natural Sources and SinksCarbon Cycle: AnthropogenicCarbon Cycle CO24Carbon CycleCarbon CycleWarming•Sea Level Rise–Thermal Expansion of water–Melting Glaciers•Increased Storm IntensityWarming: Vulnerable US Cities•New Orleans•Houston•Corpus Christi•Mobile•Orlando•MiamiClimate Cycles:Eccentricity5Climate Cycles: TiltClimate Cycles: PrecessionContinental Drift and Ocean CirculationOcean Cycle: El NiñoContinental DriftPast Climate History•18O/16O Variation in Ice Cores–Oxygen isotopes are fractionated by evaporation and precipitation.–The vapor prefers the lighter isotope.–Cold global temperatures deplete 18O in ice and enrich it in ocean water.–Isotope variation can be measured in ice cores and in ocean sediments.•CO2variation can be measured in gas bubbles in ice.•Both methods provide evidence of large variation in global temperatures6Atmospheric/Biospheric Systems: Human Impact•Hydrologic Cycle–Evaporation - Transport - Precipitation - Flow•Ocean Cycles–Global Circulation & El Niño•Carbon Cycle (Greenhouse Gas)–CO2- Photosynthesis - Carbon -Carbonates•Oxygen Cycle–O2in atmosphere is biogenic–Incompatible with methane (CH4)Earth Systems Terms•Carbon Cycle•Rock Cycle•Mantle Cycle•Greenhouse Gas•El Niño•La NiñaClimate Learning Goals•Atmosphere is in equilibrium with surface•Cycles and Systems•Hydrologic Cycle: Surface, shallow, deep•Ocean circulation: heat transport•Carbon Cycle: Sources and sinks•Oxygen Cycle: Where does it come from?•Rock Cycle: weathering, transport.Climate Learning Goals•What is a greenhouse gas?•How does it trap heat?•How much CO2do we have now?•What are main sources and sinks?•Do we have a record of past CO2?•Do we have a record of Earth temperatures?Next Chapter 16Weathering, Erosion,Mass Wasting•Does weathering of rock remove or add CO2to the atmosphere? –A. Adds–B. Removes –C. No effect on CO2Next Chapter 16Weathering, Erosion,Mass Wasting•Does weathering of rock remove or add CO2to the atmosphere? –A. Adds–B. Removes –C. No effect on


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CU-Boulder GEOL 1010 - Climate Systems

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