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CU-Boulder GEOL 1010 - Earth’s Interior

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Chapter 14 Earth s Interior Earth s Interior Interior Terms Crust Oceanic Continental Mantle Upper Transition Lower Core Outer Inner Peridotite Eclogite Spinel Perovskite Xenolith Discontinuity Phase Change Tomography Kimberlite How do we know what is inside the Earth Seismology Earthquake waves Interior Terms Basalt Asthenosphere Chondrule Lithosphere Multi anvil press Diamond anvil cell Convection Magnetic reversal Dynamo Magnetic field Earthquakes Earthquake Monitor http www iris edu seismon bigmap index phtml Cosmochemistry Meteorites Experiments Laboratory synthesis 1 Major Parts Ocean water 0 025 of mass Crust Above the Moho 0 5 of mass Oceanic 7 to 10 km of basalt gabbro Continental 30 to 60 km of granite Mantle Moho to 2900 km Solid Rock 65 of total mass Upper Moho to 410km Olivine pyroxene Transition Zone 410 670 km Silicate Spinels Lower 670 to 2900 km Perovskite periclase Core 2900 to 6367km 35 of mass Outer Core Liquid Metal Inner Core Solid Metal Crust Oceanic Crust Basalt and Gabbro Thin 7 10 km Dense 2 9 3 1 g cm3 Young 250 my Continental Crust Granite Diorite Seds Thick 30 60 km Light 2 7 2 8 g cm3 Old 250 4000 my Mantle Upper Mantle Moho to 410 km Peridotite Olivine pyroxene Eclogite Pyroxene Garnet Transition Zone 410 670 km Spinels and Spinelloids Lower Mantle 670 2900 km MgSiO3 Perovskite MgO Periclase How do we know what s there Seismology S wave shadow P and S reflections and conversions Meteorites Earth formed from primitive meteorites Xenoliths from kimberlites basalts Experiments Core Outer Core 2900 to 5150km Molten iron metal 10 lighter element No S wave transmission Inner Core 5150 6378 km Solid Iron Metal May slowly rotate relative to mantle Seismology S wave shadow No S waves opposite side earthquakes Core outer must be molten P and S reflections Discontinuities at 410 and 670 km Phase Changes P and S travel time anomalies Tomography Hot and cold regions 2 Seismology P waves S waves Clicker Question What observation led to the conclusion that the Earth has a liquid outer core A Earth s gravity field B P wave shadow C S wave shadow D Seismic reflection from 660km E Polar wandering Clicker Question Why does the P wave shadow exist A Seismic refraction into the slower outer core B P waves cannot pass the liquid outer core C Seismic reflection at the coremantle boundary D Seismic reflection from 660km E No earthquakes large enough Velocity Structure and Earthquakes at N Tonga VanderHilst Nature 1995 Red slow hot green fast cold Clicker Question What observation led to the conclusion that the Earth has a liquid outer core A Earth s gravity field B P wave shadow C S wave shadow D Seismic reflection from 660km E Polar wandering Clicker Question Why does the P wave shadow exist A Seismic refraction into the slower outer core B P waves cannot pass the liquid outer core C Seismic reflection at the coremantle boundary D Seismic reflection from 660km E No earthquakes large enough 3 Xenoliths Xenoliths Xenoliths are strange rocks Xenoliths are inclusions in kimberlites and basalts Xenoliths provide natural high pressure rocks Kimberlites bring diamonds and other rock samples from as deep as 670 km Basalts are derived from the lithospheric mantle Xenoliths Breaking Xenoliths at a Diamond Mine in South Africa Xenolith Peridotite Meteorites Meteorites tell us of Earth s bulk composition Chondrites are primitive meteorites Earth is chondritic Composition is similar to sun minus H He and other volatiles 4 Meteorites Meteorites Clicker Question Clicker Question How do we know that the core is made of iron How do we know that the core is made of iron A Earth has a permanent magnetic field and iron is ferromagnetic B Iron metal is abundant in meteorites and has about the right density for the core C Iron metal is abundant in volcanic rocks and has about the right density for the core D Iron metal is an electrical conductor E Iron is highly compressible A Earth has a permanent magnetic field and iron is ferromagnetic B Iron metal is abundant in meteorites and has about the right density for the core C Iron metal is abundant in volcanic rocks and has about the right density for the core D Iron metal is an electrical conductor E Iron is highly compressible Experiments Multi Anvil Press Synthesis experiments to 1000 km depth Samples 1 5 mm3 Diamond Anvil Cell Spectroscopy Ultrasound X ray diffraction Multi anvil Press 5000 ton Bayerisches Geoinstitut 5 Multi anvil Press Sample Assembly Carbide cubes retain a lot of strain Multi Anvil Press Octahedron Multi anvil Press Sample Assembly Multi anvil Press Octahedral Assembly After and Before Diamond anvil Cell 6 Interior Terms Interior Terms Interior Terms Interior Terms Interior Terms 7 Interior Terms Mica Crystal with Quartz 5GPa DAC on Diffractometer Clicker Question The diamond anvil cell can create pressure greater than the center of the Earth in the laboratory A True B False Clicker Question The diamond anvil cell can create pressure greater than the center of the Earth in the laboratory A True B False 8 410km Olivine Density 3 2 Olivine 410km Olivine Wadsleyite Wadsleyite 3 5 g cm3 525 km Wadsleyite Ringwoodite Wadsleyite Ringwoodite Crystal with Quartz 660 km Ringwoodite Density 3 6 Perovskite MgO 4 2 g cm3 9 660 km Ringwoodite Tetrahedral Si Mantle Density vs Depth 4800 Perovskite MgO Octahedral Si 4600 4400 4200 Lower Mantle 4000 3800 Transition Zone 3600 3400 Upper Mantle 3200 3000 0 Clicker Question 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Clicker Question The Earth s mantle is made of The Earth s mantle is made of A Solid silicate rock B Molten silicate magma C Solid iron metal D Molten iron metal E Olivine Clicker Question A Solid silicate rock B Molten silicate magma C Solid iron metal D Molten iron metal E Olivine Clicker Question The seismic discontinuity at 660 km is thought to be caused by The seismic discontinuity at 660 km is thought to be caused by A A change in crystal structure A A change in crystal structure B A compositional change to metal C Melting of silicates D Magnetic reversal E A change to a gas phase B A compositional change to metal C Melting of silicates D Magnetic reversal E A change to a gas phase 10 Convection in solid mantle Convection in solid mantle Driven by U Th K decay internal engine Moves about 2 cm yr Causes earthquakes Moves plates Splits and rejoins continents One Cell or two Clicker Question Clicker Question The Earth s outer core is made of The Earth s outer core is made of A Solid silicate


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CU-Boulder GEOL 1010 - Earth’s Interior

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