Chapter 23, part 4SECTION 23-9 Gas Pickup and DeliveryBlood in peripheral capillaries delivers O2 and absorbs CO2Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in RespirationOxygen transportFigure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation CurveSlide 7Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin SaturationFigure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult HemoglobinCarbon dioxide transportFigure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in BloodSlide 12Summary of gas transportFigure 23.25 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport MechanismsSECTION 23-10 Control of RespirationGas absorption/generation balanced by capillary rates of delivery/removalRespiratory centers of the brainFigure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex ControlsRespiratory reflexesFigure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in PCO2Voluntary control of respirationSECTION 23-11 Changes in the Respiratory System at BirthNeonatal RespirationSECTION 23-12 Aging and the Respiratory SystemThe efficiency of the respiratory system decreases with age as:You should now be familiar with:Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 23, part 4The Respiratory SystemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 23-9 Gas Pickup and DeliveryCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Reactions are completely reversibleBlood in peripheral capillaries delivers O2 and absorbs CO2Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsAnimation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in RespirationPLAYFigure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in RespirationFigure 23.20a, bCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin•The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carried is dependent upon:•PO2•pH•temperature•BPG•Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than adult hemoglobinOxygen transportCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.21Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation CurveCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.21Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation CurveCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.22a, bFigure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin SaturationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.23Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult HemoglobinCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•7% dissolved in plasma •70% carried as carbonic acid•buffer system•23% bound to hemoglobin •carbaminohemoglobin•Plasma transportCarbon dioxide transportCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.24Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.24Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Driven by differences in partial pressure•Oxygen enters blood at lungs and leaves at tissues•Carbon dioxide enters at tissues and leaves at lungsSummary of gas transportAnimation: Gas Exchange and Gas TransportPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.25a, bFigure 23.25 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport MechanismsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 23-10 Control of RespirationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance•Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar function include•Lung perfusion•Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen•Alveolar ventilation•Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxideGas absorption/generation balanced by capillary rates of delivery/removalCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Medullary centers•Respiratory rhythmicity centers set pace•Pons•Apneustic and pneumotaxic centersRespiratory centers of the brainCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.27Figure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex ControlsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information including•Chemoreceptor reflexes•Level of carbon dioxide•Baroreceptors reflexes•Hering-Breuer reflexes•Prevents overinflation•Protective reflexesRespiratory reflexesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 23.28Figure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in PCO2Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon:•Conscious and unconscious thought•Emotional state•AnticipationVoluntary control of respirationAnimation: Control of RespirationPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 23-11 Changes in the Respiratory System at BirthCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Upon taking the first breath:•Inhaled air enters the respiratory passages for the first time•The bronchial tree and most of the alveoli are inflated•Subsequent breaths complete inflation of the alveoliNeonatal RespirationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 23-12 Aging and the Respiratory SystemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Elastic tissue deteriorates causing lower lung compliance and vital capacity•Chest movements are restricted by arthritic changes•Some degree of emphysema normally occursThe efficiency of the respiratory system decreases with age as:Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•The primary functions of the respiratory system•The organs of the respiratory system and their functions•The processes of external and internal respiration•The physical principles governing the movement of air