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Chapter 19, part 1Learning ObjectivesSlide 3SECTION 19-1 The Cardiovascular System: An IntroductionThe cardiovascular systemSECTION 19-2 Functions and Composition of BloodBloodThe composition of bloodFigure 19.1 The Composition of Whole BloodSlide 10Slide 11HemopoiesisSECTION 19-3 PlasmaPlasmaPlasma proteinsAdditional Plasma ProteinsSECTION 19-4 Red Blood CellsAbundance of RBCsStructure of RBCsFigure 19.2 The Anatomy of Red Blood CellsHemoglobinFigure 19.3 The Structure of HemoglobinFigure 19.4 “Sickling” in Red Blood CellsRBC life span and circulationFigure 19.5 Red Blood Cell TurnoverRBC ProductionFigure 19.6 Stages of RBC MaturationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 19, part 1BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsLearning Objectives•List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system.•Describe the important components and major functions of the blood •List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells.•Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicate its functions.•Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsLearning Objectives•Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities.•Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of structure and function.•Describe the structure, function and production of platelets.•Describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 19-1 The Cardiovascular System: An IntroductionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cellsThe cardiovascular systemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 19-2Functions and Composition of BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Fluid connective tissue•Functions include•Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes•Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids•Restricting fluid loss at injury sites•Defending the body against toxins and pathogens•Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heatBloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe composition of blood•Plasma and formed elements comprise whole blood•Red blood cells (RBC)•White blood cells (WBC)•Platelets•Can fractionate whole blood for analytical or clinical purposesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1aFigure 19.1 The Composition of Whole BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1bFigure 19.1 The Composition of Whole BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1cFigure 19.1 The Composition of Whole BloodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Process of blood cell formation•Hemocytoblasts are circulating stem cells that divide to form all types of blood cells•Whole blood from anywhere in the body has roughly the same temperature, pH and viscosityHemopoiesisCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 19-3PlasmaCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume•92% of plasma is water•Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins than interstitial fluidPlasmaCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•more than 90% are synthesized in the liver•Albumins•60% of plasma proteins•Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure of bloodPlasma proteinsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Globulins•~35% of plasma proteins•Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens•Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones and other compounds•Fibrinogen•Converted to fibrin during clotting•Removal of fibrinogen leaves serumAdditional Plasma ProteinsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 19-4Red Blood CellsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Erythrocytes account for slightly less than half the blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed elements•Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements•Commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cellsAbundance of RBCsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ration•Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex•RBCs lack organelles•Typically degenerate in about 120 days.Structure of RBCsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.2Figure 19.2 The Anatomy of Red Blood CellsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Molecules of hemoglobin account for 95% of the proteins in RBCs•Hemoglobin is a globular protein, formed from two pairs of polypeptide subunits•Each subunit contains a molecule of heme which reversibly binds an oxygen molecule•Damaged or dead RBCs are recycled by phagocytes HemoglobinCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.3Figure 19.3 The Structure of HemoglobinCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.4Figure 19.4 “Sickling” in Red Blood CellsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second.•Replaced before they hemolyze•Components of hemoglobin individually recycled•Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin•Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrinRBC life span and circulationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as


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UT Arlington BIOL 2458 - BLOOD

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