Chapter 21, part 2Arterial blood pressureFigure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular SystemSlide 4Capillary ExchangeProcesses that move fluids across capillary wallsFigure 21.12 Capillary FiltrationSlide 8Forces acting across capillary wallsFiltration and reabsorptionFigure 21.13 Forces Acting across Capillary WallsVenous pressure and venous returnSECTION 21-3 Cardiovascular RegulationCardiovascular RegulationAutoregulation of blood flow within tissuesFigure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood FlowSlide 17Neural MechanismsReflex control of cardiovascular functionFigure 21.15 Baroreceptor Reflexes of the Carotid and Aortic SinusesFigure 21.16 The Chemoreceptor ReflexesHormones and cardiovascular regulationFigure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood VolumeSlide 24Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 21, part 2Blood Vessels and CirculationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Arterial blood pressure•Maintains blood flow through capillary beds•Rises during ventricular systole and falls during ventricular diastole•Pulse is a rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat•Pulse pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressuresMean arterial pressure (MAP)Arterial blood pressureCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.10Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular SystemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.10Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular SystemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Flow of water and solutes from capillaries to interstitial space•Plasma and interstitial fluid are in constant communication•Assists in the transport of lipids and tissue proteins•Accelerates the distribution of nutrients•Carries toxins and other chemical stimuli to lymphoid tissuesCapillary ExchangeCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Diffusion •Filtration •Hydrostatic pressure (CHP)•Reabsorption Processes that move fluids across capillary wallsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.12 Capillary FiltrationFigure 21.12Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.12 Capillary FiltrationFigure 21.12Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)•Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)•Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP)•Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IHP)Forces acting across capillary wallsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Processes involved in filtration and reabsorption include•Net hydrostatic pressure •CHP - IHP•Net colloid osmotic pressure •BCOP - ICOPFiltration and reabsorptionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.13Figure 21.13 Forces Acting across Capillary WallsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Assisted by two processes•Muscular compression •The respiratory pumpVenous pressure and venous returnAnimation: Factors that Affect Blood PressurePLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 21-3 Cardiovascular RegulationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Autoregulation •Neural mechanisms •Endocrine mechanisms Cardiovascular RegulationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Local vasodilators accelerate blood flow in response to:•Decreased tissue O2 levels or increased CO2 levels•Generation of lactic acid•Release of nitric acid•Rising K+ or H+ concentrations in interstitial fluid•Local inflammation•Elevated temperatureAutoregulation of blood flow within tissuesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.14Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood FlowCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.14Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood FlowCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Adjust CO and PR to maintain vital organ blood flow •Medullary centers of regulatory activity include •Cardiac centers •Vasomotor centers control•Vasoconstriction via adrenergic release of NE•Vasodilation via direct or indirect release of NONeural MechanismsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Baroreceptors reflexes monitor stretch•Atrial baroreceptors monitor blood pressure•Chemoreceptor reflexes monitor CO2, O2, or pH levels Reflex control of cardiovascular functionAnimation: Autoregulation and Capillary DynamicsPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.15Figure 21.15 Baroreceptor Reflexes of the Carotid and Aortic SinusesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.16 The Chemoreceptor ReflexesFigure 21.16Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Antidiuretic hormone – released in response to decreased blood volume•Angiotensin II – released in response to a fall in blood pressure•Erythropoietin – released if BP falls or O2 levels are abnormally low•Natriuretic peptides – released in response to excessive right atrial stretchHormones and cardiovascular regulationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.17aFigure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood VolumeCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.17bFigure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood