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Chapter 18, part 3SECTION 18-6 The Adrenal GlandsAdrenal cortexFigure 18.16 The Adrenal GlandFigure 18.17 Adrenal AbnormalitiesAdrenal medullaSECTION 18-7 The Pineal GlandPineal glandSECTION 18-1 The PancreasThe pancreatic isletsFigure 18.18 The Endocrine PancreasInsulin and glucagonFigure 18.19 The Regulation of Blood Glucose ConcentrationsSECTION 18-9 The Endocrine Tissues of Other SystemsThe intestinesThe kidneysAngiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in the lungsFigure 18.20 Endocrine Functions of the KidneysSlide 19The heartThe thymusThe gonadsAdipose tissues secreteSECTION 18-10 Patterns of Hormonal InteractionHormones often interact, producingHormones and growthHormones and stressFigure 18.21 The General Adaptation SyndromeSlide 29Slide 30Hormones and behaviorSECTION 18-11 Aging and Hormone ProductionEndocrine systemYou should now be familiar with:Slide 35Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 18, part 3The Endocrine SystemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 18-6 The Adrenal GlandsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Manufactures steroid hormones (corticosteroids)•Cortex divided into three layers•Zona glomerulosa (produces mineralocorticoids)•Zona fasciculate (produces glucocorticoids)•Zona reticularis (produces androgens)Adrenal cortexCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 18.16 The Adrenal GlandFigure 18.16Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 18.17 Adrenal AbnormalitiesFigure 18.17Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Produces epinephrine (~75 - 80%)•Produces norepinephrine (~25-30%)Adrenal medullaCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 18-7 The Pineal GlandCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Contains pinealocytes•Synthesize melatonin•Suggested functions include inhibiting reproductive function, protecting against damage by free radicals, setting circadian rhythmsPineal glandCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 18-1 The PancreasCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets•Alpha cells secrete glucagons•Beta cells secrete insulin•Delta cells secrete GH-IH•F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptideThe pancreatic isletsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 18.18 The Endocrine PancreasFigure 18.18a, bCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization•Glucagon raises blood glucose by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose manufacture by the liverInsulin and glucagonCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 18.19Figure 18.19 The Regulation of Blood Glucose ConcentrationsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 18-9 The Endocrine Tissues of Other SystemsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Produce hormones important to the coordination of digestive activitiesThe intestinesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO) and the enzyme rennin•Calcitriol = stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract•EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow•Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin IThe kidneysCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Stimulates adrenal production of aldosterone•Stimulates pituitary gland release of ADH•Promotes thirst•Elevates blood pressureAngiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in the lungsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 18.20 Endocrine Functions of the KidneysFigure 18.20aCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 18.20 Endocrine Functions of the KidneysFigure 18.20bCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Specialized muscle cells produce natriuretic peptides when blood pressure becomes excessive•Generally oppose actions of angiotensin IIThe heartCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Produces thymosins•Help develop and maintain normal immune defensesThe thymusCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Interstitial cells of the testes produce testosterone•Most important sex hormone in males•In females, oocytes develop in follicles•Follicle cells produce estrogens•After ovulation, the follicle cells form a corpus luteum that releases a mixture of estrogens and progesteroneThe gonadsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Leptin, a feedback control for appetite•Resistin, which reduces insulin sensitivityAdipose tissues secreteCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 18-10 Patterns of Hormonal InteractionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Antagonistic (opposing) effects•Synergistic (additive) effects•Permissive effects (one hormone is required for the other to produce its effect)•Integrative effects (hormones produce different but complimentary results)Hormones often interact, producingCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Normal growth requires the interaction of several endocrine organs•Six hormones are important•GH•Thyroid hormones•Insulin•PTH•Calcitriol•Reproductive hormonesHormones and growthCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Stress = any condition that threatens homeostasis•GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome) is our bodies response to stress-causing factors•Three phases to GAS•Alarm phase (immediate, fight or flight, directed by the sympathetic nervous


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UT Arlington BIOL 2458 - The Endocrine System

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