Chapter 22, part 4SECTION 22-6 B Cells and Antibody-mediated ImmunityB cell sensitization of activationFigure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of B CellsAntibodies structureFigure 22.21 Antibody StructureSlide 7Slide 8Actions of antibodies include:Classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins)Primary and secondary antibody responseFigure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary Immune ResponsesFigure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the Immune ResponseFigure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response to Bacterial InfectionFocus on Hormones of the Immune SystemSECTION 22-7 Normal and Abnormal ResistanceDevelopment of the Immune ResponseImmune disordersAllergiesFigure 22.26 The Mechanism of AnaphylaxisStress and the immune responseStress can cause the following:SECTION 22-8 Aging and the Immune ResponseWith ageYou should now be familiar with:Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 22, part 4The Lymphatic System and ImmunityCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 22-6 B Cells and Antibody-mediated ImmunityCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsB cell sensitization of activation•Sensitization – the binding of antigens to the B cell membrane antibodies•Antigens then displayed on B cell Class II MHC•TH cells activated by same antigen stimulate B cell•Active B cell differentiates into Memory B Cell or Plasma cell •Plasma cells synthesize and release antibodyCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.20Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of B CellsAnimation: B Cells and Antibody ProductionPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsAntibodies structure•Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:•Two parallel polypeptide chains•Heavy chains and light chains•Constant region and variable region•Antigen binding siteCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.21 Antibody StructureFigure 22.21Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.21 Antibody StructureFigure 22.21aCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.21 Antibody StructureFigure 22.21b-dCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsActions of antibodies include:•Neutralization•Agglutination and precipitation•Activation of complement•Attraction of phagocytes•Opsinization•Stimulation of inflammation•Prevention of adhesionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsClasses of Antibodies (immunoglobins)•IgG – resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins•IgE – accelerates local inflammation•IgD – found on the surface of B cells•IgM – first type secreted after antigen arrives•IgA – primarily found in glandular secCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPrimary and secondary antibody response•Primary response •Takes about two weeks to develop•Produced by plasma cells•Secondary response•Rapid increase in IgG•Maximum antibody titer appCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.22Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary Immune ResponsesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.23Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the Immune ResponseCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.25a, bFigure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response to Bacterial InfectionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFocus on Hormones of the Immune System•Interleukins•Increase T cell sensitivity•Stimulate B cell activity, plasma formation, and antibody production•Enhance nonspecific defenses•Moderate the immune system•Interferons•Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) slow tumor growth•Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 22-7 Normal and Abnormal ResistanceCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsDevelopment of the Immune Response•Immunological competence •The ability to demonstrate an immune response after exposure to an antigen•Fetuses receive immunity from the maternal bloodstream•Infants acquire immunity following exposureCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsImmune disorders•Autoimmune disorders •Immune response mistakenly targets normal cells•Immunodeficiency diseases •Immune system does not develop properly or is blockedCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsAllergies•Inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens•Immediate hypersensitivity (type I)•Cytotoxic reactions (type II)•Immune complex disorders (type III)•Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV)•Anaphylaxis •Circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout bodyCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 22.26 The Mechanism of AnaphylaxisFigure 22.26Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStress and the immune response•Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages•Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release•Moderates the immune response•Lowers resistance to diseaseCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStress can cause the following:•Depression of the inflammatory response•Phagocytic reduction•Inhibition of interleukin secretionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 22-8 Aging and the Immune ResponseCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsWith age•Immune system becomes less effective•Increased susceptibility to infection•Immune surveillance declinesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•The structure and function of lymphatic cells, tissues and organs•The body’s nonspecific defenses and the components and mechanisms of each •Specific resistance, cell-mediated immunity and antibody