Chapter 29, part 2SECTION 29-5 The Second and Third TrimestersSecond and Third TrimestersFigure 29.9 The Second and Third TrimestersFigure 29.10 Growth of the Uterus and FetusSlide 6Developing fetus totally dependent on maternal organsStructural and Functional Changes in the UterusFigure 29.11 Factors Involved in the Initiation of Labor and DeliverySECTION 29-6 Labor and DeliveryGoal of labor is parturitionFigure 29.12 The Stages of LaborOther labor and delivery situationsSECTION 29-7 Postnatal DevelopmentPostnatal life stagesThe neonatal periodFigure 29.13 The Milk Let-Down ReflexFigure 29.14 Growth and Changes in Body FormAdolescencePuberty marked byHormonal changes at puberty produce gender specific differences in systemSenescenceSECTION 29-8 Genetics, Development, and InheritanceGenes and chromosomesPatterns of inheritanceFigure 29.15 Human ChromosomesVarious forms of a gene are called allelesFigure 29.16 Predicting Phenotypic Characteristics by Using Punnett SquaresInheritanceSources of individual variationFigure 29.17 Crossing over and TranslocationSex-linked inheritanceFigure 29.18 X-Linked inheritanceThe Human Genome ProjectFigure 29.19 A Map of the Human ChromosomesYou should now be familiar with:Slide 37Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 29, part 2Development and InheritanceCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 29-5 The Second and Third TrimestersCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Second trimester•Organ systems increase in complexity•Third trimester•Many organ systems become fully functional•Fetus undergoes largest weight change•At end of gestation fetus and uterus push maternal organs out of positionSecond and Third TrimestersCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.9 The Second and Third TrimestersFigure 29.9a, bCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.10 Growth of the Uterus and FetusFigure 29.10a, bCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.10 Growth of the Uterus and FetusFigure 29.10c, dCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsDeveloping fetus totally dependent on maternal organs•Maternal adaptations include increased•Respiratory rate•Tidal volume•Blood volume•Nutrient and vitamin uptake•Glomerular filtration rateAnimation: Anatomy comparison of pregnant and nonpregnantPLAYCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsStructural and Functional Changes in the Uterus•Progesterone inhibits uterine muscle contraction •Opposed by estrogens, oxytocin and prostaglandins•Multiple factors interact to produce labor contractions in uterine wallCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.11Figure 29.11 Factors Involved in the Initiation of Labor and DeliveryCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 29-6 Labor and DeliveryCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsGoal of labor is parturition•Stages of labor•Dilation •The cervix dilates and fetus moves toward cervical canal•Expulsion •The cervix completes dilation and fetus emerges •Placental •Ejection of the placentaCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.12 The Stages of LaborFigure 29.12Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsOther labor and delivery situations•Premature labor •True labor begins before fetus has completed normal development•Difficult deliveries •When the fetus faces the pubis rather than the sacrum •The legs or buttocks enter the vaginal canal first (breech births)•Multiple births •Twins, triplets, etc. •Dizygotic or monozygotic situationsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 29-7 Postnatal DevelopmentCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPostnatal life stages•Neonatal period•Infancy•Childhood•Adolescence•Maturity•Senescence begins at maturity and ends in deathCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe neonatal period•From birth to one month•Respiratory, circulatory, digestive and urinary systems adjust•Infant must thermoregulate•Maternal mammary glands secrete colostrum first few days•Milk production thereafter•Both secretions are released via the milk let-down reflex•Body proportions change during infancy and childhoodCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.13 The Milk Let-Down ReflexFigure 29.13Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 29.14Figure 29.14 Growth and Changes in Body FormCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsAdolescence•Begins at puberty•The period of sexual maturation•Ends when growth is completedCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPuberty marked by•Increased production of GnRH•Rapid increase in circulating FSH and LH•Ovaries and testes become sensitive to FSH / LH•Gamete production initiated •Sex hormones produced•Growth rate increasesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHormonal changes at puberty produce gender specific differences in system•Differences are retained throughout life•Adolescence continues until growth completed•Further changes occur when sex hormones decline •Menopause•Male climactericCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Aging affects functional capabilities of all systemSenescenceCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 29-8 Genetics, Development, and InheritanceCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsGenes and chromosomes•Every somatic cell carries copies of the 46 original chromosomes in the zygote•Genotype – Chromosomes and their component genes•Phenotype – physical expression of the genotypeCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education,