Chapter 21, part 3SECTION 21-4 Patterns of Cardiovascular ResponseExercise and the Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular response to hemorrhaging: short termCardiovascular response to hemorrhaging: long termFigure 21.18 Cardiovascular Responses to Hemorrhaging and Blood LossSpecial circulationSECTION 21-5 The Distribution of Blood Vessels: An OverviewThe distribution of blood: General functional patternsFigure 21.20 An Overview of the Patterns of CirculationSECTION 21-6 The Pulmonary CircuitPulmonary circuit consists of pulmonary vesselsFigure 21.21 The Pulmonary CircuitSECTION 21-7 The Systemic CircuitSystemic arteriesFigure 21.22 An overview of the Major Systemic ArteriesFigure 21.23 Arteries of the Chest and Upper LimbSlide 18Figure 21.24 Arteries of the Head and NeckFigure 21.25 Arteries of the BrainFigure 21.26 Major Arteries of the TrunkSlide 22Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITIONFrederic H. MartiniPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, HawaiiChapter 21, part 3Blood Vessels and CirculationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 21-4 Patterns of Cardiovascular ResponseCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Light exercise results in•Extensive vasodilation •Increased venous return•A rise in cardiac output•Heavy exercise results in•Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles•Restriction of blood flow to nonessential organsExercise and the Cardiovascular SystemCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCardiovascular response to hemorrhaging: short term•Carotid and aortic reflexes increase CO and peripheral vasoconstriction•Sympathetic nervous system elevates blood pressure•E and NE increase cardiac output and ADH enhances vasoconstrictionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCardiovascular response to hemorrhaging: long term•Decline in capillary blood pressure recalls fluids from interstitial spaces•Aldosterone and ADH promote fluid retention•Increased thirst promotes water absorption across the digestive tract•Erythropoietin ultimately increases blood volume and improves O2 deliveryCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.18Figure 21.18 Cardiovascular Responses to Hemorrhaging and Blood LossCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings•The brain •Four arteries which anastomose insuring constant blood flow •The heart •Coronary arteries arising from the ascending aorta •The lungs •Pulmonary circuit, regulated by local responses to O2 levels•Opposite other tissues (declines in O2 cause vasodilation)Special circulationCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 21-5 The Distribution of Blood Vessels: An OverviewCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe distribution of blood: General functional patterns•Peripheral distribution of arteries and veins is generally symmetrical•Except near the heart•Single vessels may have several names as they cross anatomical boundaries•Arteries and corresponding veins usually travel togetherCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.20 An Overview of the Patterns of CirculationFigure 21.20Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 21-6 The Pulmonary CircuitCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsPulmonary circuit consists of pulmonary vessels•Arteries which deliver blood to the lungs•Capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs•Veins which deliver blood to the left atriumCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsAnimation: Cardiovascular System, AbdomenPLAYFigure 21.21 The Pulmonary CircuitFigure 21.21Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSECTION 21-7 The Systemic CircuitCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsSystemic arteries•Ascending aorta •Right and left coronary arteries originate from base of aortic sinus •Aortic arch and branches •Brachiocephalic•Left common carotid•Left subclavian arteries•Descending aorta and its branches•Thoracic and abdominal aortasCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.22Figure 21.22 An overview of the Major Systemic ArteriesCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.23aFigure 21.23 Arteries of the Chest and Upper LimbCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.23bFigure 21.23 Arteries of the Chest and Upper LimbCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.24Figure 21.24 Arteries of the Head and NeckCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.25Figure 21.25 Arteries of the BrainCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.26aFigure 21.26 Major Arteries of the TrunkCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 21.26bFigure 21.26 Major Arteries of the