Historical PerspectivePrimary function of Law EnforcementEarly Social Control UnitsEarly Historical DevelopmentDevelopment of LawsDevelopment of Law - contRomeRome (cont)AugustusAugustus (cont)Police in Ancient TimesLimited Authority and Local ControlEarly History of Law EnforcementAncient HebrewsFall of Roman Empire & Middle AgesMedieval TimesMedieval contMedieval - contMarechauseegjaldkereMagna CartaDevelopment of Police in EnglandEngland cont 1England (cont 2)England (cont 3)England (cont 4)England (cont 5)Major Police ReformersPeelian ReformsPeelian Reform (cont 2)Peelian Reform (cont 3)Periods of PolicingPolitical EraPolitical Era (cont)Reform EraReform Era (cont)Slide 37Community EraCommunity Era (cont)Descriptors of Police Role Conflict: The 1980s and 1990sPolice Role Conflict in the 1980’s – 90’sPolice Role Conflict in the 1980’s – 90’s (cont)1Historical PerspectiveEARLY HISTORY2Primary function of Law Enforcement•Social Control•Specialized “functionary” - position with the primary role of enforcement of laws for the protection of property - usually a governmental official•Other ways societies maintain order - teachers, judges, legislators, members of the clergy3Early Social Control Units•Families•Clans•Tribes•Nation-States4Early Historical Development•Civilization in Mesopotamia•Ancient Egypt•Greek City-States•Roman Empire5Development of Laws•Code of Hammarabi (1704-1662 BC)•Egypt - sophisticated laws and court system (ca 1500 BC)•Marine patrol (ca 1400 BC•Solon (The Law Giver) (639-559 BC) Devised a legal system in Athens which applied laws in a democratic manner - Law enforcement was the responsibility of the military.6Development of Law - cont•Greeks–used “kin police” in which the victim’s family would be empowered to bring the wrong-doer before the magistrate - resulted in wide spread lawlessness and resulted in the need for police and a large security force of body guards acting a the police. –Body guards were widely used as police throughout much of the early history of GreeceSparta - first secret police created under the rule of Ephori7Rome• Citizens and conquered peoples were ruled by laws provided within the Twelve Tablets which were instituted in 451 BC and enforced by the Roman army• Strong kinship lines where rigid distinctions were made between domestic and civil responsibilities. Roman families were patriarchal, headed by pater familias - had absolute authority over his family and all property associated with the family. •8Rome (cont)•First allegiance owed to the family - if a roman was convicted of a crime it was the family who would impose punishment - not the government.9Augustus27 BC began a movement that continued for some 500 years in which the state, through the emperor came to dominate all aspects of Roman life –Created the Praetorian Guard (7000 soldiers) within the City of Rome. The guard watched the outer perimeters of the city for criminals and invading armies.10Augustus (cont)•Thus the concept of a dedicated “police force” had its origins. quaestores - worked for magistrates and had arrest powers.•Vigiles - also served as watchmen and were responsible for both police and firefighting duties11Police in Ancient TimesDevelopment of Policing has involved:•The development of a formal legal system•The emergence of social differentiation•The production of surplus of material resources•The emergence of the state as a form of political organization•The development of a Limited Authority and Local Control12Limited Authority and Local Control•Limited Authority - pertains to the fact that each police agency may exercise its police power only within its physical and legal jurisdictions. Both are established and limited by statute•Local Control - the administration and management of a police agency are carried out under the guidance of its governing body, be it city, county, etc.13Early History of Law Enforcement•All societies maintain order somehow - whether they do so with police is a matter of definition.•Today police generally refers to persons employed by the government who are authorized to use physical force to maintain public safety and order•Usually distinguished by a uniform, the right to carry firearms, and make arrests14Ancient HebrewsInfluenced the development of law enforcement - following the death of “King Solomon” (965-925 BC) the Hebrew people meticulously prescribed community conduct and administered savage punishment of offendersThe laws were based on a monotheism and the Ten Commandments - (Torah and Pentatuch and later less severe laws were prescribed in the Talmud)15Fall of Roman Empire & Middle AgesAfter over 4000 years of legal development, the centralized style of government required for successful maintenance of law and order ended with the fall of the Roman Empire - the era that followed is known as the Middle Ages16Medieval Times•The feudal system was developed as a means to restore social order. It was built on the premise of mutual responsibility.•As a rule, however, feudal lords administered justice to those under their control as they deemed necessary17Medieval cont•The church also placed a role in determining what constituted a criminal violation as well as how the infraction was to be arbitrated.• Neither the feudal lords nor the churches answered to a central authority.18Medieval - cont•As the 12th and 13th centuries unfolded, kings began to assume responsibility for administration of law and to maintain officials for that purpose.19Marechausee•In the 13th century in Paris, Louis IX created a provost who, assisted by investigating commissioners and sergeants, directed the night watch and commanded a mounted guard.•This was the beginning of the Marechausee, which became the Gendarmerie that today police the areas outside of major towns.20gjaldkere•12th century Scandinavia the gjaldkere was given administrative responsibility of towns which included responsibility for law and order•Their counterparts, the lensman, enforced the law and collected taxes.21Magna Carta•Magna Carta (13th Century England) placed limitations on constables and bailiffs - possibly to control police abuse of power and to ensure the maintenance of order22Development of Police in England•12th Century Norman Kings appointed sheriffs•Frankenpledge - all males over 12 years of age were called upon as needed to protect their