U of M SOC 3344 - Historical Perspectives EARLY HISTORY

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Primary function of Law EnforcementEarly Social Control UnitsEarly Historical DevelopmentDevelopment of LawsDevelopment of Law - contRomeAugustusPolice in Ancient TimesLimited Authority and Local ControlEarly History of Law EnforcementAncient HebrewsFall of Roman Empire & Middle AgesMedieval TimesMedieval contMedieval - contMarechauseegjaldkereMagna CartaDevelopment of Police in EnglandEngland cont 1England cont 2England cont 3England cont 4England cont 5Major Police ReformersPeelian ReformsPolitical EraReform EraDescriptors of Police Role Conflict: The 1980s and 1990s1Policing in America, Fourth EditionHistorical PerspectivesEARLY HISTORYPolicing in America, Fourth EditionPrimary function of Law Enforcement• Social Control• Specialized “functionary” -position with the primary role of enforcement of laws for the protection of property -usually a governmental official• Other ways societies maintain order - teachers, judges, legislators, members of the clergyPolicing in America, Fourth EditionEarly Social Control Units• Families•Clans•Tribes• Nation-StatesPolicing in America, Fourth EditionEarly Historical Development• Civilization in Mesopotamia• Ancient Egypt• Greek City-States• Roman EmpirePolicing in America, Fourth EditionDevelopment of Laws• Code of Hammarabi (1704-1662 BC)• Egypt - sophisticated laws and court system (ca 1500 BC)• Marine patrol (ca 1400 BC• Solon (The Law Giver) (639-559 BC) Devised a legal system in Athens which applied laws in a democratic manner - Law enforcement was the responsibility of the military.Policing in America, Fourth EditionDevelopment of Law - cont• Greeks– Greeks used “kin police” in which the victim’s family would be empowered to bring the wrong-doer before the magistrate - resulted in wide spread lawlessness and resulted in the need for police and a large security force of body guards acting a the police. Body guards were widely used as police throughout much of the early history of GreeceSparta - first secret police created under the rule of Ephori2Policing in America, Fourth EditionRome• Citizens and conquered peoples were ruled by laws provided within the Twelve Tablets which were instituted in 451 BC and enforced by the Roman army• Strong kinship lines where rigid distinctions were made between domestic and civil responsibilities. Roman families were patriarchal, headed by pater familias - had absolute authority over his family and all property associated with the family. • First allegiance owed to the family - if a roman was convicted of a crime it was the family who would impose punishment - not the government.Augustus27 BC began a movement that continued for some 500 years in which the state, through the emperor came to dominate all aspects of Roman life –Created the Praetorian Guard (7000 soldiers) within the City of Rome. The guard watched the outer perimeters of the city for criminals and invadingarmies.Thus the concept of a dedicated “police force” had its origins. quaestores -worked for magistrates and had arrest powers.Vigiles - also served as watchmen and were responsible for both police and firefighting dutiesPolicing in America, Fourth EditionPolice in Ancient Times• Development of Policing has involved:1. The development of a formal legal system2. The emergence of social differentiation3. The production of surplus of material resources4. The emergence of the state as a form of political organization5. The development of a Limited Authority and Local ControlPolicing in America, Fourth EditionLimited Authority and Local Control• Limited Authority - pertains to the fact that each police agency may exercise its police power only within its physical and legal jurisdictions. Both are established and limited by statute• Local Control - the administration and management of a police agency are carried out under the guidance of its governing body, be it city, county, etc.Policing in America, Fourth EditionEarly History of Law Enforcement• All societies maintain order somehow - whether they do so with police is a matter of definition.• Today police generally refers to persons employed by the government who are authorized to use physical force to maintain public safety and order• Usually distinguished by a uniform, the right to carry firearms, and make arrestsPolicing in America, Fourth EditionAncient HebrewsInfluenced the development of law enforcement - following the death of “King Solomon” (965-925 BC) the Hebrew people meticulously prescribed community conduct and administered savage punishment of offenders - the laws were based on a monotheism and the Ten Commandments - (Torah and Pentatuch and later less severe laws were prescribed in the Talmud)3Policing in America, Fourth EditionFall of Roman Empire & Middle AgesAfter over 4000 years of legal development, the centralized style of government required for successful maintenance of law and order ended with the fall of the Roman Empire -the era that followed is known as the Middle AgesPolicing in America, Fourth EditionMedieval Times• The feudal system was developed as a means to restore social order. It was built on the premise of mutual responsibility.• As a rule, however, feudal lords administered justice to those under their control as they deemed necessaryPolicing in America, Fourth EditionMedieval cont• The church also placed a role in determining what constituted a criminal violation as well as how the infraction was to be arbitrated.• Neither the feudal lords nor the churches answered to a central authority.Policing in America, Fourth EditionMedieval - cont• As the 12thand 13thcenturies unfolded, kings began to assume responsibility for administration of law and to maintain officials for that purpose.Policing in America, Fourth EditionMarechausee• In the 13thcentury in Paris, Louis IX created a provost who, assisted by investigating commissioners and sergeants, directed the night watch and commanded a mounted guard. This was the beginning of the Marechausee, which became the Gendarmerie that today police the areas outside of major towns.Policing in America, Fourth Editiongjaldkere•12thcentury Scandinavia the gjaldkere was given administrative responsibility of towns which included responsibility for law and order - their counterparts, the lensman, enforced the law and collected taxes.4Policing in America, Fourth EditionMagna Carta• Magna Carta (13thCentury England) placed


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U of M SOC 3344 - Historical Perspectives EARLY HISTORY

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