1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides1Psychology 372Physiological PsychologySteven E. Meier, Ph.D.NeocortexAlso called Cortex or Pallium2Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyNeocortex• Is the most developed in Humans• Has many folds and fissures • The folds of tissue are called gyri or a gyrus (single)• The fissures or valleys are called sulci or a sulcus (single)• Is what you see when you look at a brain from the outside.• Provides more surface area for neurons3Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyNeocortex• Structures are divided into several section or lobes.• Each lobe has a different function• Cortex is separated in half by a fissure called the central fissure.• Splits the brain into left and right halves called hemispheres.4Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHemispheres• Brain controls the contralateral side of body. • Left Hemisphere controls the right side of the body• Ri ght He mi sphere cont rols t he le ft side of the body5Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHemispheric Specialization• Left tends to be for more serial tasks• Events that occur one after the other• Verbal behavior, reading, writing• Right is more specialized for combining elements. • Visual-spatial activities• Work together because of the corpus callosum connects the sides.6Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLandmarks for Lobe Separation• Each lobe is separated by a fissure or a sulcus. For us three are important.•Central Sulcus• Separates the Frontal and Parietal lobe• Lateral Sulcus• Separates the Temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobe• Parietal Occipital Sulcus • Separates the Parietal lobe from the Occipital lobe27Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyEach Hemisphere Contains 4 lobes•Frontal•Parietal•Temporal• Occipital8Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyFrontal Lobe• Contains a variety of structures• Precentral Gyrus(Primary Motor Cortex) • Also called Area 4• Is responsible for voluntary motor movement• Areas 6 and 8• Called Premotor Cortex• Is responsible for muscle tone and getting Area 4 to work correctly.9Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyFrontal Lobe10Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTo Get Movement• Premotor areas prepare muscle to contract.• Area 4 causes the muscle to contract• Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and other structures help smooth out the movement.11Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyBroca’s Area• Is located at the bottom ofareas 4, 6 & 8.• Is concerned with speech• When damaged, the person can understand speech, but they cannot talk well.• Called Broca’s Aphasia12Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAssociation Area• Remainder of the Frontal Lobe• Is more important for thought processes, memory formation and problem solving. • When damaged have problems with memory.313Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyParietal Lobe• Also contains a variety of structures• Somatosensory area (Area 3) • Is concerned with sensory functioning.• Is where you feel pain, temperature etc.• Area 1, Area 2, and association cortex• Interprets what is happening in Area 314Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyParietal Lobe15Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTemporal Lobe• Is below the Lateral Sulcus• Is concerned with hearing and patterning of sound (speech).• Wernicke's Area• Is a sub-area of the Temporal Lobe16Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyWernicke's Area• Is concerned with the integration and comprehension of speech.• Also receives information from other areas such as the occipital lobe• When damaged, you can speak fluently but the content is Nonsense• Called Wernicke’s Aphasia• When damaged, it is also hard to comprehend and understand written stimuli (reading).17Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyArcuate Fasiculus • Is a set of fibers that look like an arc• These fibers connect Wernicke’s area with Broca’s Area• When damaged, the symptoms look similar to Wernicke’s Aphasia18Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyOccipital Lobe• Is concerned with vision•Area 17 • Is the primary visual cortex• With damage you go blind• Is where visual information goes first419Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAreas 18 and 19• Visual Association Cortex• Helps with organization of visual stimuli• With damage you cannot recognize stimuli.• Information is then sent to other lobes• E.g., Temporal Lobe20Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyIsland of Reil • Also called the Insular Lobe• Is located under the lateral Sulcus• Is concerned with smell21Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyConclusion• The Brain has lots of structures• Each structure is involved with lots of functions• Is very resistant to damage• When damaged, individuals can have lots of problems• Problems can identify where the brain is