1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides1Psychology 372Physiological PsychologySteven E. Meier, Ph.D.Neuronal StructuresSoma2Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMembrane• Separates the internal environment from the interstitial fluid of the body• Contains a Lipid Bilayer3Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMembrane•Two Layers• Each mo lecule has a hydrophobic (water loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) endMembrane = 5nm thickHydrophillic EndHydrophobic end4Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyStuff in the Membrane•Proteins• Are chains of amino acids•RNA, DNA, Receptors, NaK Pump, Channels etc.•Peptides •Are small proteins •Have 30-40 amino acids•E.g., neuro transmitters•GABA, ACH, •Do things that classic Neurotransmitters don’t do.5Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMajor Components• Soma = Parikaryon = (Around Nucleus)• Dendrites• Postsynaptic Element •Axon• Axon Hillock• Teleodendria• Presynaptic Element (Terminal Button, Synaptic Knob, Terminal Bouton, etc.)• Myelin6Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySoma Internal Structures27Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySoma or Cell body• Has places where messages from other neurons can be received - Post Synaptic Element• Is where cell metabolism takes place•Has many Structures•Nucleus•Mitochondria•Endoplasmic Reticulum•Rough•Smooth•Golgi apparatus•Lysosomes•Other8Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTwo Classes of Cell Components•Inclusions• Organelles9Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyInclusions• Different types• Lipofusion •Are fats in the cell•Accumulate over time•Fat ultimately can destroy the neuron•Suffocates the cell• Are pigmented areas of the cell•Substantia Nigra10Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyOrganelles• Are structures in the neuron that keep it healthy and living•Are in•The Soma•Nucleus• Throughout the cell11Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyStructures• Neurofilaments• Nissel Bodies = Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum• Golgi Bodies•Neurotubules• Mitochondria• Lysosomes•Inclusions•Other12Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyNeurofilaments• Forms the skeleton of the neuron• Gives the neuron its shape• Is distributed like a skeleton• As we age, neurofilaments tangle up• May be related to Alzheimer's Disease•Get rapid tangles313Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyNeurotubules• Receives material (vesicles) from Golgi bodies • Tubules go from soma to presynaptic elements• Are small, long tubes14Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyNissel Bodies = Rough ER• Produces Proteins•Are used to •Replace RNA•Repair structural damage•Make NT• During heavy stress, neurosis, etc, see a decrease in Nissel Bodies•May not be able to keep up with the demand.•Are used up faster•Cells unde r stress swell 2-3 times normal size•Same number but because cytoplasm is larger, the ratio is decreased.15Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyGolgi Bodies• Make packaging for proteins – Vesicles• Generally package the proteins made by the Nissel Bodies• After packaging, put vesicles into neurotubules - Called Axoplasmic Flow16Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAxoplasmic Flow• Three types•Fast•Slow•Retrograde• Goes from Soma to Teleodendria• Tubules have Actin in the walls• Lipids have Myosin• Causes contraction by Peristalsis17Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAxoplasmic Flow•Fast• Uses Peristalsis• 400 mm/day = 12-16-20 inches /day• Can get up to 2800 mm/day•Slow• 40 mm/day• Works by diffusion• Fast is the most important• Carries more material•Mostly NT• Carries proteins through the cell18Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyRetrograde• Goes from Presynaptic Elements to Soma•Recycles products• Can reuse vesicles• 200 mm / day by diffusion• Material returned to the soma provides a feedback loop• Fast return – speed up• Slow return – slow down419Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyVesicular Hypothesis• NT is synthesized in the Soma and wrapped• Put into tubules• Final components are done in the presynaptic element• NT is released in the cleft20Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyNon-Vesicular Hypothesis• Everything is done in the Presynaptic Element•No Packaging• NT is released in the cleft21Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLysosomes• Are Oval Shaped organelles in the whole neuron•Are enzyme packages• Helps clean up the inside of the cell• When damage to an organelle occurs• Enzymes chew up the damaged organelle• Damage to organelles are caused by•Toxins , herbicides, ra diation, etc.• Generally break down proteins•Are effe ctive recycling mechanisms• During cell death, lyso some release all enzymes to self-destruct the cell22Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMitochondria• Provides energy for the