1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides1Psychology 372Physiological PsychologySteven E. Meier, Ph.D.Cerebral Vascular Structures and Disorders2Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCirculatory System Overview• View Figure 99 in DeArmond et Al• From the Heart, blood enters the Aorta• Branches off into two arteries•Carotid•Subclavian3Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCarotid Artery• Again, comes from the Aorta• Is the artery in the neck and under the jaw• Branches into the internal carotid artery• Enters the cranium• Traverses the sinuses • Branches off the opthalamic artery• Penetrates the dura• Branches into the Anterior and Middle cerebral arteries• Emerges from the sinuses and branches off anterior choroidal artery4Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAnterior Cerebral Artery• Supplies •the cortex• White matter of the inferior frontal lobe• Medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes• Anterior corpus callosum• Branches into smaller branches5Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAlso Supplies• Deep cerebrum• Diencephalon• Limbic structures• Head of the caudate• Anterior limb of the internal capsule6Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMiddle Cerebral Artery• Supplies • Most of the cortex and white matter• Smaller branches supply • Deep white matter• Diencephalic structures•Posterior limb of the internal capsule•Putamen•Outer Glo bus Pallid us•Body of the Caudate27Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAnterior Choroidal Artery• Supplies • Anterior hippocampus• Posterior limb of the internal capsule8Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySubclavian Artery• Come from the Aorta or Innominate artery Supply the upper extremities (arms)• Each sends off a branch called vertebral artery• Vertebral artery enters the cranium through the Foramen Magnum• Each gives off anterior spinal artery and a posterior inferior cerebellar artery.• Join at the junction of the pons and medulla to form the basilar artery9Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyBasilar Artery• Divides into the Posterior Cerebral arteries• Supplies •Inferior Temporal Lobe• Medial Occipital Lobe10Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCircle of Willis• Is a collection of major vessels that all connect together• Is located at the bottom of the cerebral cavity • Generally loops around the brain stem• Nice place for tumors to develop11Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyStructures• Anterior Communicating Artery • Internal Carotid • Anterior Cerebral Arteries• Posterior Communicating arteries• Posterior cerebral arteries12Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLoop• Two anterior cerebral arteries are connected by anterior communicating artery.• Two posterior cerebral arteries are connected to the internal carotid by the posterior communicating arteries313Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAnastomoses• Are interconnections between blood vessels• Generally protect the brain or other structures when blood supplies are blocked.• E.g. Circle of Willis14Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCerebral Vascular Accidents •Strokes15Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTwo Major Types• Occlusive• Hemorrhagic• Are due to problems with some blood vessels.16Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyOcclusive• Blood flow in the brain is obstructed for some reason.• There is no blood loss• Unless blood gets to the tissue, it will die – insufficient supply• Called ischemia 17Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHemorrhagic• Occurs from the rupture of a vein or artery• Blood flows out of veins and/or arteries• Blood is acidic• Destroys membranes and kills neurons• We all may have some small, minor strokes• Good clotting, damage is minimal or does not occur• If damage occurs to a major artery, it can be a serious problem.18Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyBrain Damage• Depends on which structure is blocked or ruptured.• Depends on the duration of blockage• Symptoms are related to the vessels that are impacted419Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMiddle Cerebral Artery• Is the most frequent disorder•Symptoms• Contralateral weakness• Sensory loss• Visual problems• May have language problems20Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyDamage• Affects arms and face more due to location of the damage• Motor and sensory loss greatest in the hands• May get aphaisa or other language problems• Other symptoms21Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySymptoms of CVA’s• Sudden weakness or numbness in a body structure.• May also be gradual• Mistake for old age problems• Lack of coordination• Loss of memory, confusion• Pupils may not be equal or constrict together• May be unconscious22Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTreatment• If having gradual weakness or problems with one side, see your physician• Sudden symptoms• Keep the person from moving around• Get the person to a hospital ASAP• Lots of newer drugs in