Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides1Psychology 372Physiological PsychologySteven E. Meier, Ph.D.Brain Structures That are Involved with Memory2Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySensationSensoryMemorySTMLTMAttentionStorageRe trievalRehearsalForgottenForgottenEarly Theories of Memory3Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySensory MemoryIn sensory memory, sensory impressions are stored in a form similar to the original sensation.Several subgroups.4Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyIconic Memory• Related to the visual system• Are visual images in the retina and the brain.• Lasts approximately .25 seconds.•Can last lo nger.• Why? Processing in Bipolar, Ganglion, Amacrine, and Horizontal cells.5Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyEchoic Memory• Related to the auditory system• Auditory sounds that last in the Cochlea and Temporal Lobe.• Lasts 2 seconds or less.• Can last longer.• Why? Waves occurring in the cochlea6Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyShort Term Memory•Two components• Events that just occurred are still in consciousness• Are different from events that need to be brought back by recall from Long Term Memory.7Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyInformation in STM can do One of Three Things.• It can be rehearsed and remain in STM• It is not rehearsed and is forgotten• It can go into the next stage (LTM)8Psyc 372 – Physiological Psychology7 plus or minus two• Miller you can generally only store 7 plus or minus two items in short term memory.• Lasts a short period of time (10 – 20 seconds).9Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLong Term Memory• Is where information goes into the system and is retained• Duration - apparently forever• Penfield Studies10Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySensationSensoryMemoryWorkingMemoryLTMAttentionStorageRe trievalRehearsalForgottenForgottenLater Theories of Memory11Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyUses a Computer Model• Sensory Input from keyboard•Working Memory RAM• LTM Storage System/Hard Drive12Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyClassification of Memory•Many Schemes13Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySensory MemoryShort Term MemoryLong Ter m MemoriesProcedural Memory Declarative MemoriesSemantic Memory Episodic MemoryClassificationof Memory14Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTypes of Long Term Memory•Many types• Episodic Memories• Declarative Memory•Visual Memory• Procedural Memory15Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyEpisodic Memories• Is a memory for a specific event.• What happened, where did it happen, etc.16Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyDeclarative Memory• Is memory for items of knowledge.• Is independent of the particular occasion in which one acquired them.• Is the sum of all acquired knowledge.• All works, symbols, facts of words, appearance of objects, principles, schemas, scripts. etc. we have.17Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyVisual Memory• Eidetic (I de Tic) Imagery (photographic memory)• Individuals can recall detailed images of visual scenes for long periods of time• Is very rare•5% of kids • Less for adults• Kids rely more on imagery than adults18Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyProcedural Memory• Memory for physical things• Riding a bike19Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMore Accurate Representation• Implicit (Non-Declarative) Memory• Explicit (Declarative) Memory20Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyImplicit (Non-Declarative) Memory• Involves training reflexive behavior or procedural skills• Is recalled unconsciously• Is more rigid • Is more connected to the stimulus conditions where the knowledge was learned21Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyExplicit (Declarative) Memory• Is knowledge of people, places, things and what they mean• Is recalled by deliberate, conscious effort• Is highly flexible• Involves the association of multiple pieces of information•Two components • Episodic memory (First Kiss)• Semantic memory (Knowledge from texts)22Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLTMExplicit/ De clarative Implicit/NondeclarativeFactsSpecificEve n t sNonassociative LearningAssociativeLearningProceduralMem oryPrimingSkillsHab it sOpe r antCCSens itizationHab it uat io nExplicit (Declarative) Memory23Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySome Structures Involved With Memory•Cortex• Amygdala• Cerebellum• Reflex Pathways•Thalamus• Hippocampal Formation• Entorhinal Cortex•Others24Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyExplicit/ De clarative Implicit/NondeclarativeFactsSpecificEve n t sNonassociative LearningAssociativeLearningProceduralMem oryPrimingSkillsHab it sOpe r antCCSens itizationHab it uat io nMedial TemporalLobeNeocortex StriatumCerebellumRe fle xPathwaysAmygdalaSkeletalEmotionalRe s pons esStructures25Psyc 372 – Physiological Psychology• Begins in po lym o dal asso ciatio n co rtices (prefro ntal, lim bic, par ieto -occipita l-tem po ral)• Processes visual, spatial, and somatic memory• Information is conveyed to parahippocampus and perirhinal cortical structures• Co nveyed to ento rhina l co rtex• Conveyed to dentate gyrus• Conveyed to hippocampus• Conveyed to subiculum• Conveyed back to entorhinal cortex• Sent back to perirhinal and parahippocampus • Back to polymo dal associatio n co rtices o f neocortexExplicit Memory PathwaysHippocampal Formation26Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyEntorhinal Cortex• For location see Figure 13.5•Gets input from • Association Cortex•Fornix•Amygdala• Sends information to the dentate gyrus via the Perforant Pathway.• Is the critical pathway to get information from the association cortices to the hippocampus.• Is also the major output structure from the hippocampus• Thus, information comes from both association cortices and hippocampus and converges.• Usually the earliest structure for damage that occurs in Alzheimer’s Disease27Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHippocampal Formation•Includes • dentate gyrus• the CA fields of the hippocampus• subiculum• Sends inputs to the hippocampalformation• Receives outputs of hippocampalformation• Is crucial for the formation of new memories28Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHippocampal Anatomy29Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHippocampus Overall • Plays a major role in encoding and storing information.• With damage, you have difficulty storing and recalling