1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides1Psychology 372Physiological PsychologySteven E. Meier, Ph.D.Overview of the Nervous SystemForebrain Structures2Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyForebrain• Consists of several structures in two major areas• Diencephalon (inter brain)• Telencephalon (end brain)Encephalon = Brain3Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyDiencephalon• Consists of many structures •Thalamus•Hypothalamus• Others (you do not have to know about)4Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyDiencephalon5Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyThalamus• Is basically a relay station from sensory structures to the cortex and back.• Is a major center for collecting and integrating information• Also has a role in memory formation6Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHypothalamus• Is part of the Papez Circuit (Limbic System)• Receives information from many structures.• Is smaller than the thalamus and is located in front of and below the thalamus (hypo = below).• Is connected to the pituitary gland which secretes many hormones.27Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyFunctions• Governs eating, drinking, fighting, and sexual behavior.• Regulates endocrine activity • Is involved with emotion• Helps control the Autonomic NS• Has been suggestedto be involved with sexual identity.8Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyDiencephalon Conclusion• Is an older forebrain structure, but is extremely important for normal functioning. 9Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyTelencephalon• These structures have increased the most as evolution has progressed.• Has several major groups of structures.10Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyOlfactory System• Has several structures• Is not as developed in humans as some other organisms (e.g. dogs)• Can be important in emotional arousal (pheromones)• Is involved with smell11Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLimbic System• Originally suggested by Papez• Added to and modified by MacLean• Highly involved with emotion• Specifically, emotional memories.• Also, involved with pleasure12Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyStructures• Cingulate Gyrus• Corpus Callosum•Septalarea• Amygdala• Hippocampal Formation • Parahippocampal Gyrus•Fornix• Hypothalamus (Mammillary Body)313Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyStructures14Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCingulate Gyrus• Also called Limbic Cortex• Borders older and newer evolutionary structures.• Involved with emotional memories.15Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCorpus Callosum• Is an axon pathway that connects the neocortex of the left and right hemispheres. 16Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologySeptal Area• Is involved with controlling aggression and pleasure17Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyAmygdala• Is involved with controlling rage behavior and aggression• When destroyed, the organism attacks anything18Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyHippocampal Formation and Parahippocampal Gyrus• Has a major role in memory formation• When damaged, you cannot form any new memories.419Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyMammillary Body of the Hypothalamus• Is involved with regulation of emotional behavior• May be involved with pleasure, pain, and angerNote: Is also categorized in both the Diencephalon and Telencephalon20Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLimbic System• In general, the limbic system controls animal instinctive behavior21Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyBasal Ganglia• Has several structures as well:•Caudate Nucleus• Lenticular Formation•Putamen• Red Nucleus• Substantia Nigra• Globus Pallidus22Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyBasal Ganglia• Are a set structures that lie just under the anterior aspect of the lateral ventricles.23Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyLike the Cerebellum• Is involved with controlling movement.• While cerebellum controls rapid movement;• Basal Ganglia helps with • Controlling slower movements• Starting and stopping movement• Balance24Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyIn General• The basal ganglia controls the direction and amplitude of movement; especially postural movement.525Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyWhen Damaged• Causes problems with posture, walking, etc. Get a lot of tremors, jerks, twitching, etc.• Parkinson’s syndrome• Classic symptom tremor at rest. • Once you move the tremor stops until in later stages of the disease, then you always have tremors.• Occurs because the Substantia Nigradegenerates. (Discussed more later) 26Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyCauses• In the past, it was thought to be genetic or viral.• Today, we know that it can be environmentally caused.27Psyc 372 – Physiological PsychologyConclusion• Wide variety of older cortical areas.• Are extremely important for many