11Review For Exam 2(Week 8, Monday 3/1/2004)© Abdou Illia, Spring 20042Windows 2000 Family Products3Difference between Win 2000 family members Common OS functions No Disk Fault-tolerance No Advanced Network Management functionsDisk Fault-ToleranceActive DirectoryClusteringNetwork Load-BalancingWorkstation OS Server Operating systems24Directory Service Provides: Single login and Resource lookup.5Active Directory Central Database that store information about all Network resources Tools for managing network resources (find, add, remove, etc.) Central Database used for: Resource lookup (Searching for specific resources) User authentication (login)6Active Directory Individual resources are called objects Objects belong to a Classes Each Class has its own attributes & propertiesUser accounts Computers Printers DomainsObject classes• Object name• Object unique Identifier• Required attributes• Optional attributes• Parent relationship• Username• User’s full name• Password• Account description• Remote access OKUsername: JohnFull mane: Johnny DoePassord: 12#$msDescription: Consultant in Sales depart.37Clustering Technique for providing uninterrupted service (even in case of hardware/software failure) Combining two or more servers into one virtual server Services installed on external storage Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration) One of the clustered servers provides the service at a time8Load Balancing Load balancing = Distributing the load among multiple computers No External disk containing services to be provided Multiple independent servers configure to participate in the load balancing Same service with the same content on each server Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration) Users’ requests are redirected to one server at a time so that the load is distributed among all the serversWebserviceWebserviceWebserviceWebserviceWebserviceVirtual server167.10.11.59Preparing Windows 2000 installation410Workgroup vs. Domain Domain: A logical grouping of servers and other network resources that share a central directory database(Active Directory) Types of computer in a domain: Domain controllers (DC) running a Server OS¾Each domain controller maintains a copy of Active Directory¾ Each domain controller can authenticate users Member server (MS) running a Server OS.¾A MS is not configured as a DC¾ A MS doesn't store a copy of AD¾ A MS cannot authenticate users Client computers running a Workstation OS Domain administrator has absolute right to set policies within a domainNote: A domain does not refer to a single location. In a domain, computers can share physical proximity on a small LAN or can be located in different corners of the world.11Workgroup vs. Domain Workgroup: A logical grouping of networked computers that share resources such as files and printers. Called Peer-to-Peer network because computers can share resources as equals, without a dedicated server. In a Workgroup, each server and each workstation maintains a local databasewhich contains user accounts and resource security information for that computer In a Workgroup, the administration of user accounts and resource security is decentralized:A user must have a user account on each computer the user needs to access Any change to a user account must be made on each computer12File Systems: FAT vs. NTFS Disks can be formatted using, basically, two types of formatting systems: FAT & NTFS Windows 2000 supports both File Allocation Table (FAT) and NT File System (NTFS) FAT: Is an older file system designed for computers with small disk storage Offers less data security than NTFS Long file names (<= 256 characters) File-level and directory level security Data compression Disk quotas management for disk usage control File encryptionNTFS FeaturesYES (NTFS 4.0)YESYESSupported by Win NT 3.51 & Win NT 4.0?Supported by Win 2000?Supported by Win 95 OSR2 & Win 98?Supported by MS-DOS, Win 3.x and Win 95 v.1 ?YES(All ver.)YESYESNOYESYESNONOYESNTFSFAT32FAT16513Disk Management14Basic disk A physical disk that can be accessed by MS-DOS and all Windows-based operating systems.  Basic disks can contain up to 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary partitions and an extended partition with multiple logical drives. Primary partition 1Primary partition 2Primary partition 3Primary partition 4Primary partition 1Primary partition 2Primary partition 3Extended partition• A primary partition is a portion of a physical disk that functions as though it were a physically separate disk.• You create a primary partition, then you format it with a file system (FAT or NTFS,) and then assign a drive letter to it (e.g. C:, D:, F:, etc.)• A primary partition can start the OS (contain the boot files)• A special kind of partition used to create one or more logical drives• After you create a logical drive, you format it and assign it a drive letter (e.g. G:, H:, etc.)• An extended partition cannot start the OS.Note: With GPT (GUID partition table) disk-partitioning scheme that is used by the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in Itanium-based computers, we can create up to 128 (primary) partitions per disk 15Dynamic disk With Win 2000, you can convert a Basic disk to a Dynamic disk With a dynamic disk, you can create an unlimited number of volumesVolume C:Volume D:Volume E:Configuration partition (1 MB)Etc…. Dynamic disks provide features that basic disks do not, such as: the ability to create volumes that span multiple disks (spanned and striped volumes), and  the ability to create fault tolerant volumes (mirrored and RAID-5 volumes).  A spanned volume is a dynamic volume consisting of disk space on more than one physical disk. Spanned volumes are not fault tolerant and cannot be mirrored.  A striped volume is a dynamic volume that stores data in stripes on two or more physical disks. Striped volumes do not provide fault tolerance. If a disk in a striped volume fails, the data in the entire volume is lost. Special partition automatically created to store the configuration of the disk616Mirrored volume A fault-tolerant volume that duplicates data on two physical disks If one of the physical disks fails, the data on the failed disk becomes unavailable, but the system continues to operate.  You can create