PSYC 2606: EXAM 2
76 Cards in this Set
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ambivalent (anxious) attachment
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- extreme distress at separation
- poor caregiver availability
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avoidant attachment
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- no preference between caregiver and stranger
- punished for relying on caregiver
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changes in attachment
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- situational / relationship factors
- lifespan changes / growth / trauma
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creating stronger bonds
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capitalize on the good, be playful and illusions & idealization in romantic relationships
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cultural love schemas
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- "one true love"
- "marriage should last forever"
- "relationships that end are failures"
- "men are dogs"
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direct mood effects
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- pickup lines
- someone does something nice you like them more
- someone does something mean you like them less
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exit, voice, neglect and loyalty
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responses to deteriorating relationships
- ACTIVE / PASSIVE & NEGATIVE / POSITIVE
- negative active = exit
- positive active = voice
- negative passive = neglect
- positive passive = loyalty
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Gottman's Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
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1. criticism - saying negative things about actions
2. defensiveness - making up excuses
3. stonewalling - refusing to talk about something,
4. contempt - making fun of partner
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history of romantic love
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Ancient Greek Model
- agape - unconditional love
- eros - passionate, sensual and desiring
- philia - loyalty & affection between friends
- storge - family affection
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indirect mood effects
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- halo effect - if you receive good news when you're with someone, their attractiveness increases
- if you receive bad news while with someone, you will think less of that person unconsciously
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investment model
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a model that interpersonal relationships that maintains that three things make partners more committed to each other: rewards, few alternative partners, and investment in the relationship
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mate poaching
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trying to attract someone who already in a relationship
- the type to mate poach is someone who is less extroverted, less agreeable, less conscientiousness, less committed, and less neurotic
- the type that are targeted to mate poach are more extroverted, more open, more sexually attrac…
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misattribution of arousal
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the tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of arousal they are experiencing
- scary vs. low bridge
- after all participants went over the bridges they were given a phone number
- people who went over scary bridge called the female interviewer 5x more than lower bridge part…
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morphed faces
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- the more faces are morphed together the more attractive the face is
- morphed faces average out blemishes
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polyandry
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a form of marriage in which a woman may simultaneously have two or more husbands
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polygamy
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a form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously.
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propiniquity
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closeness equals more likeness, the people you see more, interact with more and talk to more you will more likely be attracted to them
- mere exposure: people who lived next door to each other were 4x more likely to friends than people at opposite ends of hallway
- people who live near …
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relationship scripts
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- schemas and stories for how relationships should go
- create expectations
- romantic comedies
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romantic love
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also called passionate love; love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship.
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romantic love across cultures
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- beauty changes over the time periods
- culture acts as a chronic situation for how we see what is attractive
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secure attachment
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- distress at separation and happiness at reunion
- consistent and appropriate caregiver responses
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sex differences in mate preferences
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- intrasex competition = direct competition between two or more males or females for access to members of the opposite sex
- intersex = the interest in and the attraction toward a member of the opposite sex
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shoulder to waist ratio
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physical markers
- shoulder to waist ratio is .6
- most attractive across all times and cultures
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strange situation paradigm
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Ainsworth - child in room with mother, mother leaves, stranger enters, person entered room to interact changes, child's behavior changed
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symmetry
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- the more symmetrical your face is the more attractive you are
- asymmetry is a a level one process of telling whether people are attractive or not
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waist to hip ratio
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physical markers
- waist to hip ratio is .7
- most attractive across all times and cultures
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Sternberg's theory
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Three Factor Model of Love
Intimacy (by itself = liking)
two together = romantic love
Passion (by itself = infatuation)
two together = fatuous love
Commitment (by itself = empty love)
int & comm = compassionate love
ALL THREE TOGETHER = consummate love
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balance theory
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you like your attitudes and relationships to be in balance
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downward social comparisons
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- desire to emphasize differences
- contrast effects, The defensive
- tendency to compare ourselves to who are worse off than we are
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five factor model of personality
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1. open to new experience
2. conscientious - long term goals, careful, organized
3. extraverted - care about social life
4. agreeable
5. neurotic
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induction, homophily & confounding
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causes of similarity and clustering
- induction - if you hang out with obese people you will become obese
- homophily - birds of a feather flock together, you will become friends with people like you
- confounding - correlated but not caused, live by a gym
all of these processes occur…
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need for affiliation
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- individual difference
- trait
- explicit - social butterflies
- implicit - close friendships
- leads to differing behaviors
- satisfies basic motivations
- people who are more explicit tend to engage in more responsive behaviors
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social exchange
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- a friendship between two people is a trade of benefits. ex: Elvis Presley & Richard Nixon
- they associate with each other to gain something from the other person
- exchange theory = moderating the costs and benefits of the relationship
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social network analysis
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nodes together create a cluster, the hub is the center, outside nodes are on the periphery
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Social Networks
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- Core Infection Model = ideas spread very quickly with each other
- Inverse Core Model = ideas are more difficult to spread throughout the model
- Bride Between Disjoint Populations Model = middle node is most imperative
- Spanning Tree Model = you are indirectly connected to lots of …
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social skills
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perceptions
- skilled - friendly, easy going
- less skilled - unfriendly, quick to anger, awkward
What are they?
- perceiving social cutes, context & reactions
- attributions of motive, emotion, and intention
- behaving appropriately
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upward social comparisons
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- ability information/desire to improve
- can't be too dissimilar
- emphasize similarities
- assimilation effects
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"Good Samaritan" study
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Batson - to see who stopped to help a coughing man; how much of a hurry they happened to be in or whether they were thinking about a relevant parable
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benevolence
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prosocial behavior
- benefits another intentionally for no external award
- ex. sending $20 to a charity to make yourself feed good
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bystander apathy
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people are less likely to help someone if they see other people who are in an equally good position to help.
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bystander intervention
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1. notice incident
2. interpret as emergency
3. assume responsibility
4. help
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culture and altruism
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- smaller population = more likely to help
- people who have less, give more; can relate more
- religious affiliates give more
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culture and cooperation
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the more interdependence, the more cooperation; prisoner's dilemma
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bystander intervention models
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empathic
- is it easy to escape?
egotistic
- is there another, easier way to feel better? --no--> will helping make you feel better?
empathic joy
- will helper receive feedback on impact of help?
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empathy
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- understanding and sharing someone else's feelings
- perspective taking
- emotional empathy
- "motivation oriented toward the other"
- theory of mind
- distinct from sympathy
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factors that affect bystander intervention
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1. features of the observer: mindfulness, perceived cost, diffusion of responsibility, and mood
2. features of the victim: attributions of cause of distress, similarity, and gender
3. features of the situation: situational ambiguity, group size, diffusion of responsibility, and social n…
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pure altruism
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prosocial behavior
- benefits another intentionally for no external or internal reward
- ex. jumping on a railroad track to help a stranger who has fallen
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prosocial behavior
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- any action intended to benefit another (regardless of motive)
- ex: giving a large tip to a waiter to impress your boss
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theory of mind
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a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.
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trolley problem
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kill 5 people vs. 1
- different situations
- ex. train switch, fat man, organ transplant
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values underlying moral judgements
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care/harm - related to ability to feel (and dislike) the pain of others. Underlies compassion, empathy, kindness, nuturance.
fairness/cheating - related to the process of reciprocal altruism. Generates ideas of justice, rights, and autonomy.
loyalty/betrayal - related to our ability…
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aggression
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behavior intended to injure another
- it is behavior (not angry feelings)
- it is intended (not accidental harm)
- it is aimed at hurting (not assertiveness or playfulness)
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cognitive neo-association theory
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any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and thoughts
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conflict and peacemaking
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groups tend to misperceive other side; assumes other side's actions are motivated by hostility; communication reduces conflict
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culture of honor
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set of societal norms with central idea that people (particularly men) should should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessary
- ex. usually the South has high standards for a culture of honor
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direct aggression
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behavior intended to hurt someone "to his or her face"
- ex. a hockey player punches opponent
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emotional aggression
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hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
- ex. a child throws a fit after not getting candy
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excitation transfer theory
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theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states, and any form of arousal can enhance aggressive responses
ex. people were more aggressive after watching porn or riding a bike
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
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original - theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior
revised - theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings
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gender differences in aggression
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- female use more indirect aggression
- male's aggression is more likely to do physical harm
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general post-violent video game effects
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1. aggressive thought increase
- which in turn increases the likelihood that a mild or ambiguous provocation will be interpreted in a hostile fashion
2. aggressive (or hostile) emotion increases
3. general arousal increases
- this tends to increase the dominant behavioral tendency
4.…
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indirect aggression
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attempt to hurt another without obvious face-to-face conflict
- ex. spreading rumors about ex
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instrumental aggression
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hurting another to accomplish another (non-aggressive) goal
- ex. a mother spanks child for child's benefit
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nature vs. nurture
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name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
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prisoner's dilemma
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a type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one's self-interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they ha…
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rape-prone cultures
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cultures in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, and as a threat against women so they will remain subservient to men
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relative deprivation
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a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
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risk factors
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cardiovascular odd & risk factors
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social dilemmas
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a situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses
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Social Learning Theory
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children learn many behaviors by watching those around them (parents)
- learning through behavioral modeling
attention
retention
motor response
motivation
intrinsic
- inherently an environmental theory
- Bobo doll
- sources
media
environment
family
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social rejection and aggression
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social rejection stimulates feelings of pain and anger
ex. school shootings
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the tragedy of the commons
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Garrett Hardin - crab fishing
replenishing resource management dilemma = situation in which group members share a renewable resource that will: continue to produce benefits if group members do not over harvest, but each individual profits from harvesting as much as possible
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type A and health
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- higher risk for coronary disease
- more success in business
- conflict with subordinates
- more aggressive driving
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type A behavior pattern
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a group of personality characteristics, including urgency and competitiveness
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violence and video games
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game bloodiness raises hostility, aggressive behavior
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weapons and aggression
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weapons primed more aggressive behavior when combined with preexisting anger
- no aggressive behavior if they were not angry to begin with
- hunters associate guns for recreational purposes not violent ones
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PSYC 2606: Social Self