Social PsychologyFall 2001Midterm #1 Study GuideGeneral Information: The exam will consist of multiple choice questions only. Both material fromlectures and the textbook will be on the exam. On the exam, you should be prepared to providethe following types of information:1. Factual information (e.g., definitions).2. Application of concepts to specific situations (e.g., I would describe a situation and ask youwhat theory it illustrates). 3. Illustration of theories with experimental examples. You will be expected to know theimplications and relevance of the studies we talked about it class, but you would never be askedfor the names of the experimenters, the date of the publication, the exact means or values forthe results. Both experiments discussed in class and in the book can be used.VERY IMPORTANT: Always be sure to base your answers on psychological principles/theories(as opposed to your opinions/personal experiences). You will need to bring your student ID and a #2 pencil to the exam. Answer sheets will beprovided. HOW TO USE THIS STUDY GUIDE: The study guides lists all the concepts you will need toknow for the exam. It is best to use this as a way to check your knowledge, as opposed tohaving this be the only way you study the material. Basically, I strongly caution against beginningyour studying by copying the answers to these questions out of your notes and then onlystudying these answers. If you do that, you will miss some of the important details. Instead, youshould study the material from your more detailed notes and just use this as a way to know whatto study and to quiz yourself. BASICS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYI. What is social psychology?II. What are construals?III. How does social psychology differ from other disciplines such as personality psychologyand sociology?IV. What is the hindsight bias?METHODS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYV.What are theories and hypotheses?VI. What are the defining features of observational studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages?A. What is an archival analysis? Be sure you understand why it is an example of atype of observational study. B. What is interjudge reliability and why is it important in observational studies?VII. What are the defining features of correlational studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages? A. What are the 3 possible causal relations that can occur when 2 variables arerelated? (Be sure you can interpret a correlation & draw the appropriateconclusions -- you might want to quiz yourself with the “Try It” exercise on pages42)VIII. What are the defining features of experimental studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages?1. What are independent and dependent variablesIX. How does one evaluate the quality of an experiment?A. What is internal validity and what 2 factors can increase it?1. What is a confound?B. What is external validity?1. What are mundane and psychological realism? How do they relate toexternal validity? 2. Must mundane and psychological realism both be high for external validityto be high?3. How can you assess ability to generalize to other people?4. What are field experiments and what is their relation to external validity? C. What are a cover story and a confederate? What benefits do they have forinternal and external validity? X.What is the process for ensuring that the experiments we conduct are ethical? Whatprocedures must be followed in an experiment? A. Are studies involving deception every allowed? Under what circumstances? XI. What is the distinction between basic and applied research?THE SELFXII.What is the self-concept? XIII. How does the self-concept affect your perceptions of other people and your processingof other information (know what the self-referencing demo was that we did in class)?XIV. Know the major sources of information about the selfA. What is introspection and what role is it thought to play in the development of theself-concept? 1. What does the beeper study tell us?2. How accurate are we when we introspect about things? What do thesexism study of Swim and Hyers and the studies where people predictedtheir romantic reactions and reactions to an election tell us? 3. What are 2 reasons why are we not more accurate when we introspect?a. What is automatic versus controlled thinking?b. What are confabulations? B. What is the role of socialization? 1. What are collectivist and individualistic societies? What culturaldifferences in self-concept are they associated with?C. What is reflected appraisal?D. What is self-perception theory?1. What is the over-justification effect and how does it relate to self-perception theory? Be sure you know the concepts of intrinsic andextrinsic motivation. Be sure you know and understand the classicGreene et al. (1976) study. E. What is the general idea of social comparison? What are the 3 different forms ofsocial-comparisons and the goals of each? XV. What is self-esteem and why is it so important to understanding social psychology?XVI. Impression formation strategies. How does one manage impressions by....A. Following social norms?B. Using ingratiation?C. Using self-promotion?D. Using modesty?E. Basking in reflected glory?F. Self-handicapping?SELF-JUSTIFICATION – INFLUENCES OF THE SELF-CONCEPT ON OUR BEHAVIORXVII.What is dissonance and what 3 ways can it be reduced? A. How does the permanence of a decision affect dissonance? XVIII. What is counter-attitudinal advocacy and how is it related to dissonance?A. How does the experiment where Yale students were given money to write essaysin favor of the police demonstrate counter-attitudinal advocacy and dissonancereduction?B. How has counter-attitudinal advocacy been applied to improve race relations andto increase safe-sex behaviors? XIX.What is post-decisional dissonance and how can it be resolved? XX. What is the 3rd major form of dissonance -- the justification of effort? What does theAronson & Mills (1959) study on joining a meeting discussing sex demonstrate (p. 183)? XXI. What is self-evaluation maintenance theory? What situations does it apply to and whateffects does it predict? How does this relate back to self-esteem and wanting to feelgood about ourselves? A. Why is it considered an application of dissonance theory?XXII. What is self-discrepancy theory? (P. 198) Note that while the self-concept tends toemphasize the way you are now, self-discrepancy theory starts talking about your goals,and what happens when you are not