Social PsychologySpring 2001Midterm #1 Study GuideGeneral Information: As noted in the syllabus, the exam will consist of multiple choice questions only. Both material from lectures and the textbook will be on the exam. On the exam, you should beprepared to provide the following types of information:1. Factual information (e.g., definitions).2. Application of concepts to specific situations (e.g., I would describe a situation and ask you whattheory it illustrates). 3. Illustration of theories with experimental examples. You will be expected to know the implicationsand relevance of the studies we talked about it class, but you would never be asked for the names ofthe experimenters, the date of the publication, the exact means or values for the results. Bothexperiments discussed in class and in the book can be used.VERY IMPORTANT: Always be sure to base your answers on psychological principles/theories (asopposed to your opinions/personal experiences). You will need to bring your student ID and a #2 pencil to the exam. Answer sheets will be provided. BASICS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYI. What is social psychology?II. What are construals?III. How does social psychology differ from other disciplines such as personality psychology andsociology?IV. What is the hindsight bias?METHODS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYV. What are theories and hypotheses?VI. What are the defining features of observational studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages?A. What are some specific types of observational studies?B. What is interjudge reliability and why is it important in observational studies?VII. What are the defining features of correlational studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages? A. What are the 3 possible causal relations that can occur when 2 variables are related? (Be sure you can interpret a correlation & draw the appropriate conclusions -- youmight want to quiz yourself with the “Try It” exercise on pages 46-47)VIII. What are the defining features of experimental studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages?1. What are independent and dependent variablesIX. How does one evaluate the quality of an experiment?A. What is internal validity and what 2 factors can increase it?B. What is external validity?1. What factors can increase ability to generalize to other situations?2. How can you assess ability to generalize to other people?3. What are field experiments and what is their relation to external validity? X. What is the process for ensuring that the experiments we conduct are ethical? Whatprocedures must be followed in an experiment? XI. What is the distinction between basic and applied research? THE SELFXII. What is the self-concept? What are schematic dimensions?XIII. How does the self-concept affect your perceptions of other people and your processing ofother information (know what the self-referencing demo was that we did in class)?XIV. What is a possible self? What are 2 specific kinds of possible selves?A. When do we make companions to our possible selves and what consequences can thathave (be sure you know the different effects depending on what aspect of the possibleself is being compared to)?XV. What is self-esteem?A. What are 2 lay theories of self-esteem that have been investigated by socialpsychologists? What do these studies show? What are their implications? XVI. Know the difference sources of information about the selfA. How much does Introspection contribute? How accurate is introspection?B. What is the role of socialization? 1. What are collectivist and individualistic societies? What cultural differences inself-concept are they associated with?2. What broad gender differences may occur through socialization?C. What is self-perception theory?1. What is the over-justification effect and how does it relate to self-perceptiontheory? Be sure you know the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.D. What is the general idea of social comparison? What are the 3 different forms ofsocial-comparisons and the goals of each? XVII. Impression formation strategies. How does one manage impressions by....A. Following social norms?B. Using ingratiation?C. Using self-promotion?D. Using modesty?E. Basking in reflected glory?F. Self-handicapping? SELF-JUSTIFICATION – INFLUENCES OF THE SELF-CONCEPT ON OUR BEHAVIOR(note that the discrepancies between actual self and ideal or ought self is talking about in this chapterunder the heading of self-discrepancy theory). XVIII. What is dissonance and what 3 ways can it be reduced? A. How does the permanence of a decision affect dissonance?B. What is the impact of negative self-beliefs on dissonance and dissonance reducingbehaviors? (P. 226)C. What is known about cultural differences and dissonance? XIX. What is counter-attitudinal advocacy and how is it related to dissonance?A. How does the experiment where Yale students were given money to write essays infavor of the police demonstrate counter-attitudinal advocacy and dissonance reduction?B. How has counter-attitudinal advocacy been applied to improve race relations and toincrease safe-sex behaviors? XX. What is post-decisional dissonance and how can it be resolved? XXI. What is the 3rd major form of dissonance -- the justification of effort? What does the study onjoining a meeting discussing sex demonstrate (p. 200)? XXII. What is self-evaluation maintenance theory? What situations does it apply to and what effectsdoes it predict?A. Why is it considered an application of dissonance theory? XXIII. What is self-affirmation theory? (P.