Social PsychologySpring 2003Midterm #1 Study GuideGeneral Information: The exam will consist of multiple choice questions only. Both material fromlectures and the textbook will be on the exam. On the exam, you should be prepared to providethe following types of information:1. Factual information (e.g., definitions).2. Application of concepts to specific situations (e.g., I would describe a situation and ask youwhat theory it illustrates). 3. Illustration of theories with experimental examples. You will be expected to know theimplications and relevance of the studies we talked about it class, but you would never be askedfor the names of the experimenters, the date of the publication, the exact means or values forthe results. Both experiments discussed in class and in the book can be used.VERY IMPORTANT: Always be sure to base your answers on psychological principles/theories(as opposed to your opinions/personal experiences). You will need to bring your student ID and a #2 pencil to the exam. Answer sheets will beprovided. The first midterm is on TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 4. HOW TO USE THIS STUDY GUIDE: The study guides lists all the concepts you will need toknow for the exam. It is best to use this as a way to check your knowledge, as opposed tohaving this be the only way you study the material. Basically, I strongly caution against beginningyour studying by copying the answers to these questions out of your notes and then onlystudying these answers. If you do that, you will miss some of the important details. Instead, youshould study the material from your more detailed notes and just use this as a way to know whatto study and to quiz yourself. BASICS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYI.What is social psychology?II.What are construals?III.How does social psychology differ from other disciplines such as personality psychologyand sociology?IV.What is the hindsight bias?METHODS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYV.What are the steps involved in science? VI. What are theories and hypotheses?VII.What are the defining features of observational studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages?VIII. What are the defining features of correlational studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages? A. What are the 3 possible causal relations that can occur when 2 variables arerelated? (Be sure you can interpret a correlation & draw the appropriateconclusions -- you might want to quiz yourself with the “Try It” exercise on pages42)IX. What are the defining features of experimental studies and their main advantages anddisadvantages?A. What are independent and dependent variablesX. What is a cover story? XI. What is a confederate?XII. How does one evaluate the quality of an experiment?A. What is internal validity?B. What is random assignment and why is it important for internal validity? C. What does it mean to hold other factors constant and why is this important forinternal validity?D. What is a confound?E. What is external validity?F. What are mundane and psychological realism? How do they relate to externalvalidity? G. Must mundane and psychological realism both be high for external validity to behigh?H. What are field experiments and what is their relation to external validity? XIII.What are the reasons why we need to conduct multiple experiments on the same topicarea? (We talked about a number of them.)XIV. What is the process for ensuring that the experiments we conduct are ethical? Whatprocedures must be followed in an experiment? A. Are studies involving deception every allowed? Under what circumstances? XV.What is the distinction between basic and applied research? THE SELFXVI. What is the self-concept? XVII.How does the self influence our interpretation of the world (know what the self-referencing demo was that we did in class)?XVIII. What is self-esteem and why is it so important to understanding social psychology?XIX.Impression management strategies. How does one manage impressions by....A. Following social norms?B. Using ingratiation?C. Using self-promotion?D. Using modesty?E. Basking in reflected glory?F. Self-handicapping? XX.How is self-esteem affected by our comparisons to our ideal selves? (Note that wetalked about this in class while talking about the self, but I think it is covered in chapter 6,p. 198). A. What is the difference between the ideal and ought selves? B. How do our reactions to actual-ideal versus actual-ought discrepancies typicallydiffer? XXI. Know the major sources of information about the selfA. What is introspection and what role is it thought to play in the development of theself-concept? 1. What does the beeper study tell us?2. How accurate are we when we introspect about things? What does thestudy about people’s ability to predict their reactions after an election tellus? 3. What are 2 reasons why are we not more accurate when we introspect?a. What is automatic versus controlled thinking? Be sure you knowhow this relates to the topic of knowledge about the self, and moregenerally to how we process information about the social world. B. What is the role of socialization?1. What are collectivist and individualistic societies? What culturaldifferences in self-concept are they associated with?C. What is reflected appraisal? D. What is self-perception theory?1. What is the over-justification effect and how does it relate to self-perception theory? Be sure you know the concepts of intrinsic andextrinsic motivation. Be sure you know and understand the study onpreschoolers and amount of time spent drawing. E. What is the general idea of social comparison? What are the 3 different forms ofsocial-comparisons and the goals of each? SELF-JUSTIFICATION – INFLUENCES OF THE SELF-CONCEPT ON OUR BEHAVIORXXII.What is dissonance and the 3 ways can it be reduced? A. How does the permanence of a decision affect dissonance? XXIII. What is counter-attitudinal advocacy and how is it related to dissonance?A. How does the experiment where Yale students were given money to write essaysin favor of the police demonstrate counter-attitudinal advocacy and dissonancereduction?B. How has counter-attitudinal advocacy been applied to improve race relations andto increase safe-sex behaviors? XXIV.What is post-decisional dissonance and how can it be resolved? XXV.What is the 3rd major form of dissonance -- the justification of effort? What does theAronson & Mills (1959) study on joining a meeting discussing sex demonstrate (p. 183)? XXVI.What is