Social PsychologyMidterm #2 Study GuideSpring 2001Exam 2 is on Thurs, 3/1. It will have the same format as exam 1. As with exam 1, this exam will covermaterial from both the book and lecture and will contain both factual and application questions. Also note that the first application paper is due on 3/6. There are no make-up papers allowed, so be sure you have your paper turned in by 2:00 that day and that you follow all formatting guidelines in theassignment. Chapter 3: Social CognitionI. What is a schema and what are 4 types that we are particularly concerned with in social psych? II. What 3 effects can schemas have? For each one, be able to recognize relevant experimentsfrom class and the book that demonstrate the effectA. Why do we think schemas have the effects they do on memory?B. What are discounting and bolstering, and how do they contribute to schema-consistentmemory advantages? C. What are memory intrusions and how are they related to schemas?D. Under what circumstances will we remember schema-inconsistent information better?E. What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? How does it work and how is it related to schemas?1. How might it affect research results and what should experimenters do to avoidit? F. What is the Perseverance Effect and what does it show in terms of schemas persistingeven after they are discredited (p. 75)G. What do we know about the accuracy of introspection? What studies have addressedthis? 1. What are the motivated distortions we talked about in class and how do theycontribute to inaccuracies in introspection?2. What is controlled processing and what is automatic processing? a. How do these types of processing help explain inaccuracies inintrospection?b. What is meant by confabulations and how does this relate to enplaningour own behavior? c. What is Gilbert’s theory of automatic believing and controlledunbelieving? What experiments have addressed this? (P. 94-96)d. What is thought suppression? What ironic effect has it been shown tohave and how does this relate to automatic and controlled processes (p.96-98)3. How does not thinking about all the factors present in the actual situationcontribute to inaccuracies in introspection? 4. What is the overconfidence barrier and how is it related to inaccuracies inintrospection? 5. What implications do inaccuracies in introspection have for understanding socialpsych experiments?H. What are judgmental heuristics? 1. What is the availability heuristic? (P. 82)2. What is counterfactual thinking? When are we most likely to engage in it? (P 84-85) 3. What is the representativeness heuristic?a. What is base rate information and how does it figure into therepresentativeness heuristic?4. What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?a. How is biased sampling thought to play a role? 5. What are the 2 views of the human information processor? (P. 89-92)Chapter 4: Social PerceptionIII. What did Thielen do and find in her Mesa elementary school science fair project? What does thissuggest about person perception? IV. What is nonverbal communication and what 4 functions does it serve? V. What is the universality thesis? What emotions does it pertain to? A. What kind of evidence has been used to support it? Know the general procedure of thecross-cultural studies and about the study with the South Fore. B. What are display rules? VI. What inferences do people make based on facial features (i.e., babyfaced versus mature facialfeatures)? What effects have these had in real-life situations such as court cases?VII. What are the 2 main types of attributions? VIII. What did Heider mean by the term naive psychology? IX. What is correspondent inference theory? Under what conditions does it say we will makeinternal attributions? X. What is Kelly’s covariation model? What is meant by distinctiveness, consensus, andconsistency? What pattern of covariation will lead to an internal attribution, and externalattribution, or an attribution that they behavior was caused by something about the combination ofthe particular circumstances? A. When is Kelly’s model most applicable?XI. What is the fundamental attribution error? (P. 127-134)A. Why does it occur? What role does perceptual salience play? B. How does anchoring and adjustment affect the attributional process? C. What is the 2-step process of attribution that has been used to explain the fundamentalattribution error? Notice that this is a variant on the automatic believing and controlledunbelieving model in ch 3.D. What cultural differences have been observed in the fundamental attribution error andwhy are they thought to occur? XII. What is the actor/observer difference? P. 134-137A. How have perceptual salience and information availability been used to explain thiseffect? Chapter 10: Attraction know these major antecedents (causes) of attractionXIII. Propinquity effect (p. 374). Know how the study by Festinger, Schacter, and Back (1950)supports propinquityA. Why does the propinquity effect occur? Know the role of mere exposure (p. 376)XIV. Which is the more accurate statement: that opposite attract or that birds of a feather flocktogether? In other words, what effect does similarity have (p. 377)?A. How do social validation and negative inferences help to produce greater liking for moresimilar people? XV. What is the role of physical attractiveness? Know about the blind data study of Hatfield (1966)with heterosexual couples and the study by Sergios & Cody (1986) with gay men.A. What assumptions do we make about attractive people? (p. 384) – the “what is beautiful isgood” stereotypeB. What does the Frieze (1991) study suggest about success at work as a function of physicalattractiveness? XVI. Do we like people who like us? What role does self-esteem play in this? XVII. What are the evolutionary explanations for attraction and mating? What 2 assumptions do thesemake?A. What 3 types of studies support this position (i.e., desired qualities in a partner, # of desiredsexual partners, and reactions to infidelity)? B. For each piece of evidence supporting the evolutionary theories, what alternative explanationshave been advanced? XVIII. Adult attachment styles:A. How is this related to the idea of infant attachment styles? What is the “strange situation”and how is it used to assess infant attachment? B. What are the 3 infant attachment styles?C. How did Hazan & Shaver assess adult attachment styles? What styles