Social PsychologyMidterm #3Study GuideSpring 2003EXAM 3 IS TUESDAY, 4/8: Remember that in addition to using this study guide, you mayalso want to study from the class outlines (they can be accessed athttp://psych.colorado.edu/~tito/sp03/2606/outlines.html), or you may want to take the practice exams onthe textbook’s homepage (accessible from class homepage). Also, keep in mind that the SECOND APPLICATION PAPER dealing with attitude change is due onTHURSDAY 4/15 (this is a later date than on the syllabus). Be sure you follow all the directions. Papers MUST be turned in by 12:30. Anything between 12:31 and 5 pm results in a deduction in yourgrade. Papers are not accepted after 5 pm. Feel free to consult with me or Eve beforehand. Chapter 8: Social InfluenceI.What are the differences between compliance, obedience, and conformity?II.What was Milgram interested in studying? What real world problem was he concerned with?III.What were the procedures in his experiment?IV.What were the results of the standard version of the Milgram experiment?V. Know about the different versions of Milgram’s experiments and what they tell us aboutobedience:A. What happened when participants were allowed to choose the level of shock theydelivered? What does this tell us about obedience?B. What happened when there was a substitute experimenter or the experimenter gave theinstructions over the phone? What does this tell us about obedience?C. What happened when the immediacy of the victim was varied? What does this tell usabout obedience?VI. Know Cialdini’s 6 compliance principlesA. How does friendship/liking affect compliance?B. How do compliance techniques make use of commitment and consistency? 1. What did the Freedman & Fraser (1966) study with the “drive safely” signs showabout compliance?2. What is the foot-in-door technique? Know how to employ it and know how itrelates to commitment and consistency.3. Why does wanting to keep a commitment/act consistently affect compliance? What is the role of self-perception and dissonance? C. How does scarcity affect compliance? What are some examples of this technique inuse?D. What is reciprocity?1. What did the Cialdini (1975) study about taking juvenile delinquents to the zooshow about the effects of reciprocity?2. What is door-in-the-face? Know how to employ it and know how it relates toreciprocity.3. What is the that’s-not-all technique? How does it relate to reciprocity?E. How does social validation affect compliance? What are some examples of thistechnique in use? F. How does authority affect compliance? VII. What are the 2 main reasons why we conform? What outcomes do they produce? (I.e.,normative social influence, informational social influence, private acceptance, public compliance). VIII. How does ambiguity, crisis, and being in the presence of experts affect conformity via informationsocial influence?IX. How does group size, group importance, group unanimity, and culture affect conformity vianormative social influence?X. What did Asch do in his line judgment task and what does that tell us about conformity? Whattype of conformity was being displayed and how do we know that?XI. What did Sherif do in the autokinetic study and what does that tell us about conformity? Whattype of conformity was being displayed and how do we know that? XII. How does the subjective/objective nature of the issue affect the likelihood of conformity? Howdo we know that?XIII. What is meant by the term minority influence?XIV. What will increase the likelihood of successful minority influence?Chapter 7 – AttitudesXV. What is an attitude? XVI. What functions do they serve?XVII. What are the A, B, and C part of attitudes?A. Why are people interested in knowing how an attitude was formed? XVIII. What do the LaPiere (1934) (sight-seeing with a Chinese couple) and Corey (1937) (cheating)study tell us about the relation between attitudes and behavior? XIX. What is meant by the idea of attitude specificity and how does it relate to the issue of attitude-behavior consistency? (This is discussed in the section with the theory of planned behavior, p239)XX. What is attitude accessibility and how does it relate to the issue of attitude-behavior consistency? XXI. What effect does forming the attitude based on direct versus indirect experience have on theattitude-behavior relationship? How does Regan & Fazio’s (1977) study on the student housingcrisis illustrate this?XXII. According to the ELM, what are the 2 routes to attitude change?XXIII. What variable influences the route a person will be in when encountering a persuasivecommunication?XXIV. What did the Petty, Cacioppo, & Goldman (1981) study on instituting senior comprehensiveexams show about the effects of personal relevance and message quality? Make sure youunderstanding what the effects of those variables should be on attitude change according to theELM. XXV. What are some of the more common types of peripheral cues and why do they seem to lead toattitude change? XXVI. According to the ELM, what is the best way to achieve long-lasting attitude change (p. 228)?XXVII. What are subliminal messages?XXVIII. What did Murphy & Zajonc (1993) show in their study of subliminal effects of reactionsto Chinese ideographs?A. What can we conclude about subliminal effects from that study?XXIX. What did Greenwald (1991) do and find in his study on subliminal self-esteem and memory tapes? A. What does Greenwald’s study show about people’s expectations about the effects ofsubliminal messages? XXX. What are fear-arousing communications? (P. 231)A. Under what conditions do they work? B. What does the Leventhal, Watts, & Pagano experiment tell us about fear arousingcommunications? XXXI. What is attitude inoculation and how does it work? (p. 235)XXXII. What is the theory of planned behavior? (P. 239). Be sure you know what is meant by all theparts in the model.A. According to this model, what one variable should be the best predictor of behavior?Chapter 11 - HelpingXXXIII. According to social exchange theory, what determines if we will help? A. What is the minimax strategy? B. How does this model explain sex differences in helping?C. What aspects of helping does this model have trouble explaining?XXXIV. What is the empathy-altruism model ?A. What effect should empathy versus distress have on helping?B. What does the study with a volunteer being asked to receive electrical shocks tell usabout