PSYC 2606: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
32 Cards in this Set
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Stereotypes
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Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups, can be positive or negative, true or false (Ex: Californians are "laid back")
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Prejudice
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A negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members. (Prejudging others because they belong to a specific category, it is possible to be positively prejudice, but not normally seen)
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Discrimination
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Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based solely on their membership in that group, behavioral actions
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Modern Racism
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Prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs. (Ex: not explicitly stating that blacks are different than whites, yet still maintaining discomfort or animosity toward blacks)
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Benevolent sexism
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A chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles or stereotypes
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Hostile Sexism
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Dislike of women who are viewed as usurping men's power
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Benevolent/
Ambivalent sexism or racism
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Prejudice or stereotyping based on favorable features (asians are smarter, women are better socialites) that allows the stereotype holder to deny any prejudice.
This practice inhibits progress toward equality for women and minorities
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Benevolent Racist/Sexist
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Those who hold ambivalent attitudes act positively toward members of outgroups only if they fulfill their idealized image of what such people should be like (perfect housewife)
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Implicit Association Test (IAT)
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A technique for revealing non-conscious prejudices toward particular groups, a series of words/pictures are presented and the participant must choose which rule the word/picture mets (Ex: left button if word is woman's name or "weak" word, right button if word is man's name of "Strong wor…
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Priming
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A procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (a stereotype)
Priming used for implicit prejudices: participants are shown a face of a certain group member before being shown positive or negative words that they react to, the reaction time will show the implicit pr…
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The Economic perspective of prejudice and discrimination
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Groups develop prejudices about one another and discriminate against one another when they compete for material resources. (Ex: U.S. and Mexican tension over job competition)
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory (version of the economic perspective)
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A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources. States that prejudice and discrimination increase under conditions of economic difficulty and prejudice is strongest among groups that stand to lose the m…
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Ethnocentrism
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Glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups. ("My group is better than yours")
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Superordinate goals
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Goals that transcend that interests of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together, these goals drastically decrease outgroup discrimination and ingroup favoritism
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The Motivational Perspective of Prejudice and Discrimination
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The perspective that any sort of existence of group boundaries, even in the absence of competition, can lead to discrimination--Focus on why, after the we vs. them distinction is made, are we motivated to favor our ingroup, not matter how minimal.
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Minimal group paradigm
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An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another.
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Social identity theory (motivational theory)
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A theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs.
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Basking in reflected glory
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The tendency for people to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom they are in some way associated, as when fans identify with a winning team.
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Frustration-Aggression theory
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A theory that elaborates the idea that frustration leads to aggression (sometimes prejudice or discrimination) (Ex: a hot room can lead someone to be prejudice toward someone they normal wouldn't be)
People will also tend to target their aggression at a safe or vulnerable target (minorit…
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Generalized Aggression
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General aggression caused by frustration, but not targeted at any group
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Targeted Aggression
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Aggression directly targeted to a group, typically that is weak and vulnerable
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The Cognitive Perspective of Prejudice and Stereotyping
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Stereotypes are a natural result of the way our brains are wired to store and process information, we categorize nearly everything, including people, to simplify a large volume of stimuli efficiently.
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Outgroup homogeneity effect
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The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgrips than for in-groups ("They all think, act, and look alike. We don't.")
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Illusory correlation
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Seeing correlations between events, characteristics, or categories that are not actually related
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Paired distinctiveness
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The pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur
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Subtyping
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Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole, they are the "exceptions"
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Concrete Construal
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The more concrete the description (he lifted the fallen man), the less it says about the individual
Normally used to describe events that contradict a held stereotype, therefore making them less consequential
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Abstract Construal
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The more abstract the description (he helped the fallen man-making him seem helpful), the more it says about an individual's personality
Used to reinforce stereotypes already held by attributing more depth to thinking about the meaning of the action, therefore leading to greater importan…
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Attributional Ambiguity
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Members of stigmatized groups not knowing whether to attribute positive feedback to their own skill or to others' not wanting to seem racist and not knowing whether to attribute negative feedback to their own error or to others' prejudice.
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Stereotype threat
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People's fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have regarding a group of which they are a member. (Ex: women did worse on a math exam when they thought they were being compared to men, didn't want to confirm women are bad at math)
Leads to increased arousal and distraction that …
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Self-fulfilling stereotype
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People acting toward minority groups in a way that elicits behavior consistent with the stereotype and surpasses behavior inconsistent with the stereotype
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Contact hypothesis
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The straightforward idea that bringing together students of different races and ethnicities would reduce prejudice and discrimination during school segregation in 1950s
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PSYC 2606: Social Self