CJ 240: CHAPTER 5 - 11
56 Cards in this Set
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The process of social typing that transforms an offender's identity from a doer of evil to an evil person
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Dramatization of Evil
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Removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities
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deinstitutionalization
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Deviance that results in no social action, secret deviance
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Primary Deviance
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Deviance that the labeling process creates, Deviance that occurs after initial deviant act is identified, labeled negatively, & person internalizes the negative label
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Secondary deviance
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A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency
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Problem Behavior Syndrome
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Kids, who get into minor scrapes as youths but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood
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Adolescent Limited-Offenders
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Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood
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Life-Course Persisters
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A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, that makes some people delinquency-prone over the life course
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Latent Trait
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They explain the onset and continuation of delinquency, Examples: RTC, RAT, SDT, DAT, SLT, SBT, GST....SLT, Labeling Theory
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Traditional Theories
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Age-graded Risk Factor/Protective Factor that explain onset, continuation, & desistance of delinquent/criminal careers, they discuss the onset, continuation, and end
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Developmental Theories
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Seeds of criminal behavior are planted early in life, behavior is dynamic and people change, they focus on the relationship between life events and criminal behavior
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Life Course Theories
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Behavior is static and people don't change; opportunities to commit crime change, dominant latent trait influences human development
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Latent Trait Theories
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Name of Theorists of "General Theory of Crime"
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Gottfredson & Hirschi
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Year "General Theory of Crime" was developed
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1990
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What assumption about human nature does the "General Theory of Crime" make?
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Hedonism, we are born with low self-control and high self-control must be taught
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What are the four major familial risk factors for delinquency?
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Parental divorce/separation, family conflict, parental incompetence, family deviance
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Which is a stronger risk factor for delinquency: family conflict or divorce/separation?
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family conflict
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Which is a stronger risk factor for delinquency: parental incompetence vs. divorce/separation?
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parental incompetence
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Which policy strategy would be more effective in reducing rates of delinquency: enhancing the quality of the parent-child relationship or decreasing rates of broken homes?
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enhancing the quality of the parent child relationship
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Which constitutes a stronger risk factor for delinquency: witnessing conflict, abuse, or violence in the home, or being a victim of conflict, abuse, and/or violence in the home?
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neither, there is little difference in risk
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Physical, sexual, emotional, neglect
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child abuse
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withholding staples; food, clothing, shelter
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Neglect
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How many kids die annually in the U.S. from abuse/neglect?
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1,500
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How many kids die a day from abuse/neglect?
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4
3 at the hands of parents
1 at the hands of stranger/acquaintance
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Type of child abuse that is a) most prevalent b) 2nd most prevalent c) 3rd most prevalent d) least prevalent
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a) neglect b) physical c) sexually d) emotional
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What is the relationship between risk for abuse/neglect and age?
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Declines as kids get older, the greatest at risk is newborn to 3 years
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What portion of the juvenile population is at the highest risk for physical abuse & neglect?
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minority youth
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What portion of the juvenile population is at the highest risk for sexual abuse?
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white, middle-class girls
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What family member is most frequently the perpetrator of child abuse?
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mom
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What are the 3 major risk factors for child abuse?
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parents who have been abuse, close relationships with unrelated adults, family isolation or alienation
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What are the three possible relationships between child abuse and delinquency?
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abuse --> delinquency, delinquency -->, common cause model (something causes both)
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What issue lies at the heart of the contemporary debate on parental responsibility?
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should parents be held responsible for the delinquent or status-offending behavior of their children?
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What is the name of the national survey that monitors gang activity in the U.S.?
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National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS)
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Why have we seen an increase in gang activity in suburban and rural America?
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it has been attributed to a restructuring of the population, there has been a massive movement of people out of the central city to outlying communities and suburbs, once fashionable neighborhoods have declined, downtown areas have undergone extensive renewal, there is intensive police pa…
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What is the age a juvenile gang member first hears about a gang?
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9
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What is the age a juvenile gang member first becomes involved in violence?
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10-11
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What is the age a juvenile gang member becomes initiated into the gang?
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12
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What is the first age a juvenile gang member first fires a gun, gets a gang tattoo, and gets arrested?
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13
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Bloods originated in
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LA
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Crips originated in
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Chicago
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Black Gangster Disciples originated in
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LA
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MS-13 originated in
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LA
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What happened after law enforcement tried to eradicate MS-13?
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When law enforcement crack down and deported members, the deportees quickly created outposts in El Salvador and throughout Central America
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2 U.S. cities that have the highest gang membership
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LA & Chicago
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What is the percentage of U.S. homicide rate that is estimated to be gang-related?
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>80
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What are the (2) major peer-related risk factors for delinquency?
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1. norms- peers who are tolerant of delinquency (what peers say)
2. behavior- peers who are delinquent (what peers do)
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What is a stronger predictor of youth outcomes: what peers say or what peers do?
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what peers do
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Any mind/mood altering substance, mood, senses, psycho active
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drug
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Initiation measure
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lifetime use
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5 or more drinks in one setting
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binge drinking
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Violence/crime committed while high on a drug
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psychopharmacological violence/crime
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Committed in order to acquire money or funds to buy drugs
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Economic compulsive violence/crime
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delinquency committed because of involvement in the illegal drug market
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systemic violence/crime
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In how many American deaths is alcohol implicated each year?
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100,000, far more than all other illegal drugs combined
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Among juveniles what is the most a) legal drug b) illegal drug c) narcotic used
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a) alcohol b) pot c) heroin
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What is the prevalence of alcohol used among high-school seniors?
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2/3 of high school seniors reported using alcohol in the last year, 73% have tried it at some time during their lifetime, by the 12th grade 56% of American youth report they have "been drunk"
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CJ 240: TEST 1