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CJ 240: CHAPTER 5 - 11
The process of social typing that transforms an offender's identity from a doer of evil to an evil person |
Dramatization of Evil |
Removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities |
deinstitutionalization |
Deviance that results in no social action, secret deviance |
Primary Deviance |
Deviance that the labeling process creates, Deviance that occurs after initial deviant act is identified, labeled negatively, & person internalizes the negative label |
Secondary deviance |
A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency |
Problem Behavior Syndrome |
Kids, who get into minor scrapes as youths but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood |
Adolescent Limited-Offenders |
Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood |
Life-Course Persisters |
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, that makes some people delinquency-prone over the life course |
Latent Trait |
They explain the onset and continuation of delinquency, Examples: RTC, RAT, SDT, DAT, SLT, SBT, GST....SLT, Labeling Theory |
Traditional Theories |
Age-graded Risk Factor/Protective Factor that explain onset, continuation, & desistance of delinquent/criminal careers, they discuss the onset, continuation, and end |
Developmental Theories |
Seeds of criminal behavior are planted early in life, behavior is dynamic and people change, they focus on the relationship between life events and criminal behavior |
Life Course Theories |
Behavior is static and people don't change; opportunities to commit crime change, dominant latent trait influences human development |
Latent Trait Theories |
Name of Theorists of "General Theory of Crime" |
Gottfredson & Hirschi |
Year "General Theory of Crime" was developed |
1990 |
What assumption about human nature does the "General Theory of Crime" make? |
Hedonism, we are born with low self-control and high self-control must be taught |
What are the four major familial risk factors for delinquency? |
Parental divorce/separation, family conflict, parental incompetence, family deviance |
Which is a stronger risk factor for delinquency: family conflict or divorce/separation? |
family conflict |
Which is a stronger risk factor for delinquency: parental incompetence vs. divorce/separation? |
parental incompetence |
Which policy strategy would be more effective in reducing rates of delinquency: enhancing the quality of the parent-child relationship or decreasing rates of broken homes? |
enhancing the quality of the parent child relationship |
Which constitutes a stronger risk factor for delinquency: witnessing conflict, abuse, or violence in the home, or being a victim of conflict, abuse, and/or violence in the home? |
neither, there is little difference in risk |
Physical, sexual, emotional, neglect |
child abuse |
withholding staples; food, clothing, shelter |
Neglect |
How many kids die annually in the U.S. from abuse/neglect? |
1,500 |
How many kids die a day from abuse/neglect? |
4
3 at the hands of parents
1 at the hands of stranger/acquaintance |
Type of child abuse that is a) most prevalent b) 2nd most prevalent c) 3rd most prevalent d) least prevalent |
a) neglect b) physical c) sexually d) emotional |
What is the relationship between risk for abuse/neglect and age? |
Declines as kids get older, the greatest at risk is newborn to 3 years |
What portion of the juvenile population is at the highest risk for physical abuse & neglect? |
minority youth |
What portion of the juvenile population is at the highest risk for sexual abuse? |
white, middle-class girls |
What family member is most frequently the perpetrator of child abuse? |
mom |
What are the 3 major risk factors for child abuse? |
parents who have been abuse, close relationships with unrelated adults, family isolation or alienation |
What are the three possible relationships between child abuse and delinquency? |
abuse --> delinquency, delinquency -->, common cause model (something causes both) |
What issue lies at the heart of the contemporary debate on parental responsibility? |
should parents be held responsible for the delinquent or status-offending behavior of their children? |
What is the name of the national survey that monitors gang activity in the U.S.? |
National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS) |
Why have we seen an increase in gang activity in suburban and rural America? |
it has been attributed to a restructuring of the population, there has been a massive movement of people out of the central city to outlying communities and suburbs, once fashionable neighborhoods have declined, downtown areas have undergone extensive renewal, there is intensive police patrol |
What is the age a juvenile gang member first hears about a gang? |
9 |
What is the age a juvenile gang member first becomes involved in violence? |
10-11 |
What is the age a juvenile gang member becomes initiated into the gang? |
12 |
What is the first age a juvenile gang member first fires a gun, gets a gang tattoo, and gets arrested? |
13 |
Bloods originated in |
LA |
Crips originated in |
Chicago |
Black Gangster Disciples originated in |
LA |
MS-13 originated in |
LA |
What happened after law enforcement tried to eradicate MS-13? |
When law enforcement crack down and deported members, the deportees quickly created outposts in El Salvador and throughout Central America |
2 U.S. cities that have the highest gang membership |
LA & Chicago |
What is the percentage of U.S. homicide rate that is estimated to be gang-related? |
>80 |
What are the (2) major peer-related risk factors for delinquency? |
1. norms- peers who are tolerant of delinquency (what peers say)
2. behavior- peers who are delinquent (what peers do) |
What is a stronger predictor of youth outcomes: what peers say or what peers do? |
what peers do |
Any mind/mood altering substance, mood, senses, psycho active |
drug |
Initiation measure |
lifetime use |
5 or more drinks in one setting |
binge drinking |
Violence/crime committed while high on a drug |
psychopharmacological violence/crime |
Committed in order to acquire money or funds to buy drugs |
Economic compulsive violence/crime |
delinquency committed because of involvement in the illegal drug market |
systemic violence/crime |
In how many American deaths is alcohol implicated each year? |
100,000, far more than all other illegal drugs combined |
Among juveniles what is the most a) legal drug b) illegal drug c) narcotic used |
a) alcohol b) pot c) heroin |
What is the prevalence of alcohol used among high-school seniors? |
2/3 of high school seniors reported using alcohol in the last year, 73% have tried it at some time during their lifetime, by the 12th grade 56% of American youth report they have "been drunk" |