Primary Sources of Delinquency Data1. Uniform Crime Reports2. National Crime Victimization Surveys3. Self-Report SurveysGathering Information on DelinquencyOfficial records of delinquencyThe Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)Part 1 crimesPart 2 crimesCompiling the UCRHow valid is the UCR?The National Incident – Based Reporting System (NIBRS)Self Report SurveysMonitoring the FutureValidity on self-reports (like reports filled out in high school asking about substance abuse)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)Individual-Level Theories of DelinquencyTwo categoriesChoice Theory (diet, mental illness, brain)Trait TheoryBorn criminalEarliest explanation of criminal behavior was that they were possessed by demons, the devil made them do itRoutine ActivitiesThree things have to come together, in order for this crime to occur: 1. Anyone watching over area 2.Capable guardiansPolice officersHome ownersSecurity systemsNeighborsParentsSuitable targetsUnlocked homesExpensive carsEasily transportable goodsCell phone, ipod, laptopMotivated offendersTeenage boysUnemployedControlling DelinquencyGeneral DeterrenceGeneral deterrence strategies hold that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of punishmentShame and humiliationSpecific DeterrenceTargets offenders who have already been apprehendedOrigins of Trait TheoryCriminal AtavismChapter 4 and Chapter 5 Personality and Delinquency The antisocial personality ODDCDLow level of guiltLack of empathyThrill SeekingSocial Factors and DelinquencyInterpersonal InteractionsCommunity ConditionsExposure to violenceSocial changeLow Socioeconomic statusRacial disparitySocial StrataCulture of povertyUnderclassChild povertySocial Disorganization Theory – Social Disorganization TheoryDelinquency tied to socioeconomic conditionsPovertyHopelessness and mistrustWeekend ties to family, peers, and neighborsLack of informal social controlKids exposed to disruption, violence etc.Transitional neighborhoodsCollective Efficacy - "Perceived collective efficacy is defined s a group's shared belief in its conjoint capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given levels of attainments"Multiple sources of stressFailure to achieve positively valued goalsRemoval of positively valued stimuliPresentation of negative stimuliInstitutional Anomie TheoryImpact of the American Dream cultureDevaluing of noneconomic functions and rolesEconomic roles are dominantCult of greed and materialismCultural Deviance TheoriesLower Class Values and Focal ConcernsSocial Process TheoriesElement of SocializationFamily influenceSchool effectsPeer influence and relationsEffects of religion and beliefTechniques of neutralization1. Deny responsibility2. Deny injury3. Deny the victim4. Condemn the condemners5. Appeal to higher loyaltiesPrimary and secondary devianceThe secret deviant and the falsely accusedRetrospective readingDramatization of evilSelf fulfilling prophecyDegradation ceremoniesPrimary and Secondary deviance - Primary deviance is any general deviance before the deviant is labeled as such. Secondary deviance is any action that takes place after primary deviance as a reaction to the institutions.Conflict Theory and Delinquency Prevention: Restorative JusticeThe concept of restorative justiceReintergrative shamingCJ240 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 26)Chapter 13 and Chapter 1 Factors in Development of First Juvenile Court 1. UrbanizationIncreased numbers of children at risk Lowered ability of family to exert controlChronic poverty Concern over increase in numbers of people in the “dangerous classes”Development of Juvenile Institutions1. House of RefugeSociety for the Prevention of Pauperism Privately managed, publicly funded Mostly supervised labor The refuge movement spreadsDespite criticism enjoyed expanding popularity 2. Development of Juvenile InstitutionsReform schools Rural facilities WorkBasic educationSegregationCharles Loring Brace and The Children’s Aid SocietyChildren’s Aid SocietyPlacing out planOrphan trains Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to ChildrenNew YorkGranted authority to remove childrenAssisted court in making placement decisions Influenced legislation Kent Vs. United States (1966) – Determined that a child has due process rights, such as having an attorney present at waiver hearingsIn re Gault (1967) – Ruled that a minor has basic due process rights, including 1. Notice of the charges with respect to their timeliness and specificity 2. Right to counsel 3. Right toconfrontation and cross examination 4. Privilege against self incrimination 5. Right to a transcript of the trial record 6. Right to appellate reviewWhat is adolescence? The period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.Erik Ericson Ego Identity Role DiffusionChild savers – 19th century reformersDelinquency and Parens PatriaeDelinquent designation popularized at the beginning of the 20th century with the firstseparate juvenile courtsBest interests of the childConcept of Delinquency – age when delinquent is considered an adult Lecture 2 (August 28) Chapter 1Status offender – doing something that isn’t illegal when an adultWaiver – an act of waiving a right or claimLecture 3 (September 2) Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 Primary Sources of Delinquency Data 1. Uniform Crime Reports 2. National Crime Victimization Surveys 3. Self-Report Surveys Gathering Information on Delinquency- Official records of delinquency- The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)o Part 1 crimeso Part 2 crimeso Compiling the UCRo How valid is the UCR?- The National Incident – Based Reporting System (NIBRS)o Self Report Surveyso Monitoring the Futureo Validity on self-reports (like reports filled out in high school asking about substance abuse)- National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)Chronic Offending – Continuity of crimeWhat Causes Chronic Offending?Childhood risk factors for persistent delinquencyIndividual factorsSchool and community factors Family factorsPeer factorsResearch on Teen victimization – more likely to put themselves in risky situation1.Peers 2.interracial 3.acquaintances 4.daytimeClassical Criminology Individual-Level Theories of Delinquency- Two categorieso Choice Theory (diet, mental illness, brain)- Trait Theoryo Born criminalo Earliest explanation of criminal behavior was that they were possessed by demons, the devil made them
View Full Document