CJ240 Final Exam Study Guide High school graduation rates – the percentage of students who enter school that achieve graduationTracking- putting school children in common age groups and measuring the ability to be taught togetherNew Jersey v. TLO (1985) – decision by the Supreme Court of the United States addressing the constitutionality of a search of a public high school student for contraband after she was caught smoking. A subsequent search of her purse revealed drug paraphernalia, marijuana, and documentation of drug sales. She was charged as a juvenile for the drugs and paraphernalia found in the search. She fought the search, claiming it violated her Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, held that the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) – defined constitutional rights of children in public schoolsDrop outs – Leaving high school and forfeiting a chance for completionCocaine – drug, powerfully addictive stimulant that immediately affects the brainBinge drinking – drinking pattern that brings a persons BAC (blood alcohol level) above .08Heroin – opium drug that affects the brain and bodyAlcohol - intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine and liquor.Marijuana – preparation of the cannabis plant that is intended for use as a drug and as medicineDesigner drugs – a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug while avoiding being classified as illegalGateway drugs – less serious drugs that can lead to a future in more hardcore drugsMoinitoring the Future survey – study that monitors and tracts illegal and illicit drug use among American high school aged childrenPRIDE survey – survey that measures risk and protective factorsMultisystemic Therapy –family focused and community-based program for violent youthProject ALERT – a school-based prevention program for middle or junior high school students that focuses on alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use.Source control – management of changes Border control – Addiction prone personality – traits that make a person predisposed to addictionsChicago Area Project – a Juvenile delinquency prevention association based in Chicago, Illinois, United StatesCambridge – Somerville Youth Study – 1935 community based treatment associationPrimary prevention – avoiding the initial occurrence of a problemSecondary prevention – additional support when universal preventative efforts are not sufficientTertiary prevention – attempts to reduce the impact of a conditionOregon Social Learning Center – dedicated to strengthening children, families and communitiesJuvenile Mentoring Program – (JUMP) one on one mentoring for youth at risk of educational failureJob Corps – free education and training program that helps young people learn a careerRisk factors – something that increases chancesProtective factors – eliminate riskDetention centers – jail for youthProbation – release of an offender from detention, subject to a term of good behavior Adjudication – a formal judgment on a disputed matterGraduated sanctions – each time offenders offend, they face harsher punishmentAugust Vollmer – first police chief of Berkeley, California; Leading figure in development of criminal justice fieldFelony – serious crimeMisdemeanor – a minor wrongdoingIn loco parentis – “in place of a parent,” legal responsibility Miranda v. Arizona – a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which passed 5–4. The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.Discretion- behaving in such a way that avoids offenseStop and frisk – if a person is being suspected, a police officer may gently run his hands over suspect’s outer bodyProbable cause – reasonable groundsProcedural justice – the idea of fairness in the process of deciding