MCB 181 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10 – 13Outline of Exam #2 Study Guide:Review Session Questions and Answers (Extended)Review Session Questions and Answers (Extended)Prokaryotes- Cytoplasm- Nucleoid- Flagella- Ribosomes- Cytoplasmic membrane- Cell wall (very thick)- CapsuleNo compartmentsNo nucleusNo organellesFree-floating circular DNAEukaryotes- Nucleus- Rough ER- Smooth ER- Flagellum- Lysosomes- Centriole- Peroxisomes- Cytoskeletono Microtubuleso Microfilamentso Intermediate filaments- Mitochondria- Plasma membrane- Golgi apparatus- Ribosomes ***Be sure to know the location, function, and difference between animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells******Be able to differentiate between the different organelles and their location in the cell***The Nucleus- Stores the chromosomes of the cell and functions as an administrative center for information storage and processing- Comprised of 2 membranes: inner nuclear membrane and outer nuclear membrane- Nuclear pores on the surface serve as channels that link the two membranesRibosomes- Site of protein synthesisRough ER- The ribosomes associated with the rough ER synthesize proteins - Begin to form and fold the proteins that will be shipped off later throughout parts of the cell and beyondSmooth ER- Contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipidsGolgi Apparatus- A collection of flattened vesicles called cisternae that serve as the site of protein processing, sorting, and shipping- Cis = towards nucleus; Trans = away from nucleusFlagella and Cilia- 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules - Serves as the motor of the cell although flagella are generally longerLysosome- Recycling center of the cell- Break bonds through the acid and hydrolysisPeroxisome- Breaks down components of the cell similar to lysosomes except peroxisomes rely on oxidation to reduce corrupt organellesEndocytosis can occur in 3 ways:1.Phagocytosis (“cell-eating”)2.Pinocytosis (“cell-drinking”)3.Receptor mediated endocytosisCytoskeleton – structural support for the cell- Microtubules – a and b tubulin / key in the motility and transport of cells- Actin – push membrane / “legs” protrude for walking- Intermediate filaments – thick and rigid for holding the cells shapeTonicity- Hypertonic – high concentration of solute (water flows out of cell)- Isotonic – equal concentration of solute (no change in net movement)- Hypotonic – net flow of water into cell (cell swells or even bursts)Animal cells like isotonic while plant cells like hypotonic. Understand the concepts of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport (p. 126).Tight Junction – a cell to cell attachment composed of specialized proteins in the plasma membrane that line up and bind to one another forming a watertight seal- Common in cells that form a barrier such as in the lining of the stomach and intestines- Tight junctions are variable and dynamic for example in the bladder where they are much tighter to prevent ions from passing through the surfaceDesmosomes – bind together the cytoskeletons of two cells- They are common cell-cell attachment in epithelial cells and in certain types of muscle cells- At the center of the desmosomes consists proteins that form a physical link between thecytoskeleton of the adjacent cells- In addition to binding to each other, these proteins bind to a larger protein that is anchored in the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton of the two cellsGap Junctions – a unique protein creates channels between adjacent cells- Most animal tissues are connected by gap junctions- Gap junctions will allow water, ions, and small molecules to move between adjacent cells- These molecules will assist in the coordination of adjacent cells activities by allowing rapid passage of regulatory