MCB 181 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7Chapters 1 – 6 Outline of Exam #1 Study Guide:Review Session Questions and AnswersChapter Study GuidesReview Session Questions and AnswersWhat is the cell theory?All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.What is the theory of evolution?The theory that all organisms on Earth are related by a common ancestor and that over time they have changed, and continue to change, via natural selection and other processes.List the characteristics/requirements for something to be considered “alive”- Energy – To stay alive and reproduce, organisms have to acquire and use energy- Cells – Organisms are made up of membrane-bound units called cells. A cell’s membrane regulates the passage of materials between exterior and interior spaces.- Information – Organisms process hereditary information encoded in units called genes. Organisms also respond to information from the environment and adjust to maintain stable internal conditions.- Replication – Almost everything an organism does contributes to one goal: replicating itself.- Evolution – Organisms are the product of evolution, and their populations continue to evolve.What is the scientific process?A series of steps that are designed to create and test an experiment. This experiment describes a pattern in the natural world and a mechanism that creates the pattern.What are the parts to it?Includes an observation, a hypothesis, and a prediction.Define each part.- Observation – A statement of a pattern that occurs in the natural world and a mechanism that creates the pattern.- Hypothesis – A testable statement to explain a phenomenon or a set of observations.- Prediction – A measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid.What are the different types of bonds? List from strongest to weakest and provide an example of each.1. Covalent (C-C)2. Hydrogen (O-H, N-H, F-H)3. Ionic (Na+)4. Van der WaalsWhat is pH?A measure of the concentration of protons in a solution. pH = -log[H+]How can pH affect bonds?An increase in the number of protons affects the number of hydrogen ions that can be found in a solution. Those hydrogen ions therefore affect bondage by either creating a solution with molecules that are either too positive (high pH) or too negative (low pH).Why is water so important?Water is important because it likes charged solutions. Because of this, it can either be a weak acid or a weak base.What is the most important element in biology?Carbon.Why is this element so important?Carbon is the most important element because of its structural framework. It also composes all organic molecules. Remember, carbon does not have chemical properties—it’s an atom!What are the major macromolecules?Polymer MonomerNumber ofMonomersFunctionProteins Amino Acids 20Enzymes; cell structure;cell movementNucleic Acids Nucleotides 5Storing geneticinformationCarbohydrates Monosaccharides 12Energy storage; cellsupportLipids - -Make up the cellmembraneWhat are proteins made of?1. H — a hydrogen atom2. NH2 — an amino functional group3. COOH — a carboxyl functional group4. R-group — often referred to as a side chain (20 distinct amino acid side chains)What do these building blocks form when linked together?They form an amino acid.What is the link/bond that forms?A condensation reaction forms the peptide bond, and a hydrolysis reaction breaks the peptide bond.What are the levels of structure of a protein?Which level of structure is the most important in determining the function and shape of a protein?The primary structure.What do nucleic acids form/used in?Nucleic acids are used in storing genetic information and from the 5 nucleotides, they come together to form DNA and RNA.What is the difference between DNA and RNA?In ribonucleotides, the sugar is ribose; in deoxyribonucleotides, it is deoxyribose. These two sugars differ by a single oxygen atom. DNA is also a double helix shape and RNA is single stranded. In addition to their structure, the two structures differ in their function. RNA is used primarily for short-term data storage whereas DNA is used for longer-term storage. What are carbohydrates?Any of a class of molecules that contain a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups, and several to many carbon-hydrogen bonds.What are some examples of carbohydrate polymers Starch, glycogen, and cellulose.What is the category of proteins that allows us to utilize carbohydrates?Enzymes.Which carbohydrate polymer can we (humans) not digest? Cellulose.What are lipids?A catchall term for carbon-containing compounds that are found in organisms and are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic. Lipids do dissolve, however, not in water.What major structure did you just learn about that is composed of lipids?The cell membrane.What does amphipathic mean?Containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. In a phospholipid, there is a polar head (hydrophilic) and a nonpolar tail (hydrophobic) making a phospholipid amphipathic.What is saturated vs. unsaturated?Hydrocarbon chains that consist of only single bonds between the carbons are called saturated. If one or more double bonds exist in the hydrocarbon chains, then they are unsaturated.There is a species of ice fish that lives in the arctic and can survive in extreme freezing temperatures. What characteristics about the fish’s cell membrane would you expect to see?- More unsaturated fats- Increased amount of cholesterol- Increased fluidity- Also a shorter tail and a decrease in the length of the fish will both help the fishChapter 1 (August 27 & 29) Understand and explain the characteristics shared by all living organisms.- Energy – To stay alive and reproduce, organisms have to acquire and use energy- Cells – Organisms are made up of membrane-bound units called cells. A cell’s membrane regulates the passage of materials between exterior and interior spaces.- Information – Organisms process hereditary information encoded in units called genes. Organisms also respond to information from the environment and adjust to maintain stable internal conditions.- Replication – Almost everything an organism does contributes to one goal: replicating itself.- Evolution – Organisms are the product of evolution, and their populations continue to evolve.Explain why organisms need to carry and pass their genetic information to their offspring and how this is relevant