MCB 181 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Chemical Basis of Lifea. The Moleb. pHc. Chemical Reactionsd. The Importance of Carbone. Carbon Functional GroupsII. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Building PolymersII. ProteinsIII. Protein Structuresa. Primary Structureb. Secondary Structurec. Tertiary Structured. Quaternary StructureIV. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Building Polymersa. A polymer is a large molecule composed of many smaller subunits known as monomersb. To form these long chains of monomers, there will either be a condensation reaction (monomer in, water out) or it will break apart with a hydrolysis reaction (water in, monomer out)c. We will be looking at 3 specific macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidsII. Proteinsa. The structural units (also known as monomers) of proteins are known as amino acidsb. In every amino acid, there is an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen, and a side chain (R) connected to a central carbon. This is called the head of the amino acid yet it is the head that determines which amino acid it isc. Proteins form peptide bondsi. A peptide bond occurs when a covalent bond is formed between the carboxylgroup of one amino acid and the amino group of anotherii. It has a double bond natured. Notice in this image below how the amino acids are joined together with peptide bonds by the amino and carboxyl groups to form a polypeptide (a protein)III. Protein Structuresa. Primary Structure – the linear sequence of amino acids / plays an important role in determining the rest of the protein formation and function i. Sickle cell anemia is determined at the primary levelb. Secondary Structure – created largely by hydrogen bonding that occurs between the carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen on the amino group of anotheri. It is also at the secondary level that the linear amino acid chains can either bealpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheetc. Tertiary Structure – formed by van der Waals interactions and other bonds between the secondary structures d. Quaternary Structure – it will happen when two or more polypeptides come together to form a functional protein / this is not only the final structure of a protein but it is also the only way for a protein to be functional, outside of the quaternary structure a protein does nothingIV. Clicker QuestionsAssertion ReasonThe secondary structure of the proteins is formed by the formation of a carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid andthe hydrogen in the amino group of another amino acidBecauseThe primary structure of the amino acid determines the secondary and tertiary structure of the proteinAssertion is true; Reason is true; reason is NOT the correct explanation.Assertion ReasonIn a protein the stronger chemical bonds are found in the primary and tertiary structure of this moleculeBecauseThe primary structure of the amino acid determines the secondary and tertiary structure of the proteinAssertion is true; Reason is true; reason is NOT the correct explanation.Assertion ReasonThe amino acid cysteine contributes to the tertiary structure of the protein by forming covalent bondsBecauseLysine and histidine form ionicbonds during the formation ofthe tertiary structure of the proteinAssertion is true; Reason is true; reason is NOT the correct