MCB 181 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Current Lecture I. Chemical Basis of Lifea. The Moleb. pHc. Chemical Reactionsd. The Importance of Carbone. Carbon Functional GroupsII. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Chemical Basis of Lifea. The Molei. Atoms, molecules, and ions are counted by molesii. This unit is 6.02 x 1023 and is often referred to as Avogadro’s numberiii. The mole is a useful unit of measurement because the mass of one mole is the same as its molecular weight in grams1. Molecular weight is just the sum of the mass numbers of all the atomsin that moleculea. H20 = H (1) + H(1) + O (16) = 18 grams/moliv. Molarity is the number of moles in a particular substances1. 1 molar solution means there is 1 mole of substance for every liter of solutionb. pHi. First off, water is NOT a stable molecule because it continuously undergoes chemical reactions with itselfii. Acids – substances that give up hydrogens during chemical reactionsiii. Bases – molecules that accept hydrogens during chemical reactionsc. Chemical Reactionsi. In chemical reactions, changing the concentration of the reactant or the product as well as changing the temperature in which the reaction takes places can both alter a chemical reactionii. Endothermic reactions – reactions that require heat1. Energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactantiii. Exothermic reactions – reactions that release heat1. Energy of the product is less than the energy of the reactantd. The Importance of Carboni. Organic molecules are made of a carbon atomsii. It can form an almost limitless array of molecular shapesiii. Carbon can form single-covalent, double-covalent, or even triple-covalent bondsiv. Carbon atoms provide the structural framework for virtually all the importantcompounds associated with lifev. In general the carbon atoms in organic molecules furnish a skeleton that givesthe molecules their overall shapese. Carbon Functional Groupsi. Functional groups are molecules that add their chemical characteristics to organic moleculesii. Carbon does not have an important function in the chemical behavior of the organic molecules1. Chemical behavior refers to what type of reaction the molecules participate iniii. The chemical behavior of the organic molecules is dictated by groups of H, N, or O bounded to carbon atoms in a specific way1. These groups are known as functional groupsII. Clicker QuestionsAssertion Reason360 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) contain 2 moles of these moleculesBecauseThe molar mass of glucose is 180 gAssertion is true; Reason is true; Reason is the correct explanation.Assertion ReasonA solution with a pH of 11 has100 times more protons in it than a solution with pH 9BecausepH is the negative of the log of the concentration of hydrogens. Each whole pH value represents ten times more hydronium atoms in solution than the next higher value (pH 2 has 10x more ionsthan pH 3)Assertion is false; Reason is false.Assertion ReasonCarbon is the most important atom in organic moleculesBecauseCarbon has a valence of 4, which make it extremely diverse. This diversity allows carbon to provide several chemical properties to the organic moleculesAssertion is true; Reason is false. Carbon does not have chemical