MCB 181 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Previous Lecture I. MitochondriaII. Cellular RespirationIII. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Cellular Respiration OverviewII. GlycolysisIII. Pyruvate ProcessingIV. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)V. Summary of Glucose OxidationVI. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Cellular Respiration Overviewa. There are multiple steps in cellular respiration because if the glucose’s potential energy was to be converted to kinetic energy in one single step, the cell would release so much energy in the form of heat that the sugar would ignite itselfb. How does the oxidation of glucose take place in a way that supports the production of ATP? (four step process)i. Glycolysis. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound called pyruvateii. Pyruvate processing. Pyruvate is processed to form a compound called acetyl-CoAiii. Citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2iv. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Compounds that are reduced in steps 1,2, and 3 are oxidized in reactions that lead to the production of ATPII. Glycolysisa. Starts by using ATP to phosphorylate glucose to form glucose-6-phosphateb. For each molecule of glucose process, the net yield is two molecules of NADH, two ofATP, and two of pyruvatec. Last we have an enzyme catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group which forms ATP from ADPd. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions that result in ATP production are termed substrate-level phosphorylationIII. Pyruvate Processinga. An active transport protein called pyruvate carrier carries the pyruvate molecule to the matrixi. This active transport protein is located in the inner membrane of mitochondrionb. Pyruvate is first converted to Acetyl CoAi. Co-enzyme A acts by accepting and transferring an acetyl group to a substrate1. The A in CoA stands for acetylation2. Acetyl group is often bonded to a sulfur atomIV. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)a. In bacteria and archae, the Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasmb. In eukaryotes, the pyruvate produced during glycolysis is transported to the mitochondriaV. Summary of Glucose Oxidationa. What has the cell obtained from each molecule of glucose?i. 10 molecules of NADHii. 2 molecules of FADH2iii. 4 ATPsiv. The ATP molecules obtained in the oxidation of glucose are the result of substrate-level phosphorylationb. What happens to the NADH and FADH molecules produced?i. NADH and FADH2 carry elections that are going to drive the redox reactions that will result in the production of a high amount of ATP moleculesii. The electrons that they carry will be transferred to the ETC in which oxygen will be the final electron acceptor molecule producing waterVI. Clicker QuestionsAssertion ReasonEach round of the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATPs, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 4 CO2.BecauseGlycolysis splits each molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.Assertion is false; Reason is