MCB 181 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Previous Lecture I. Building PolymersII. ProteinsIII. Protein Structuresa. Primary Structureb. Secondary Structurec. Tertiary Structured. Quaternary StructureIV. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Protein Structure (continued)II. CarbohydratesIII. Nucleic Acids and the RNA WorldIV. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Protein Structurea. The 3D structure of the protein determines its functionb. If you disrupt the shape of a protein, you also disrupt it’s functionc. Protein denaturalization is the term used to describe this loss of protein shape whether it be by acidity, temperature, or some other outside function that disrupts the proteins shaped. Below is an overview of the four structures of a protein II. Carbohydratesa. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates and have a variable number (3-9) of carbon atomsb. Monosaccharides have “key groups” that determine its functioni. Carbonyl group is a C = O that is found either at the end of the carbon chain (an aldose) or in the middle of the carbon chain (a ketose)c. In water, these monomers do not exist as linear molecules but as cyclical shapesd. Note that the beta form is more common in nature because it is more stable than the alpha forme. Monosaccharaides polymerize when hydroxyl groups react to form glycoside linkagesf. Cellulose, Starch and Glycogen and polymers of glucosei. All you essentially need to know from this image is that while they are all made from the monomer glucose, cellulose forms long strings whereas starchand glycogen branch out and form complex figures and this is due to the bonds between the monomersIII. Nucleic Acids and the RNA Worlda. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acidsAngels are “Pur”e (Purines) and there is an “A”denine and a “G”uanine in the word “Angel”b. Thymine always pairs with adenine and guanine always pairs with cytosineBe able to identify the major and minor groovesc. RNA Moleculesi. RNA moelcules have a degree of chemical complexityii. Ribozymes are RNA molecules capable of stabilizing a few transition states and catalyzing with a limited amount to chemical reactionsIV. Clicker QuestionsAssertion ReasonChanges in temperature unfold only the tertiary structure of a protein becausethe ionic bonds are disruptedBecauseCompared to covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds are weak chemical interactions that could be broken by applying heatAssertion is false; Reason is true. Covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen and ionic bondsAssertion ReasonCellulose, starch and glycogenare polymers made of glucosebut can’t be digested by the same enzymesBecause Enzymes are highly specificAssertion is true; Reason is true; reason is the correct explanationAssertion ReasonThe RNA Molecule is highly reactive due to their hydroxide molecule in the 3’carbonBecauseThe RNA molecule has some limited catalytic activityAssertion is true; Reason is false. Carbon does not have chemical