Tel-T 192Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (August 27th)- Miss Representation Documentaryo Self-objectification is a national thing that is taking place for womenLecture 2 (August 29th) - Media influences us- Sex vs. Gendero Sex: biological differenceso Gender: socially constructed conduct that is perceived acceptable by members ofthe same gender, regardless of how one was borno It is a social constructionLecture 3 (September 3rd)- Children in the Mediao Children spend around 7 hours a day with the mediao They are often persuaded moreo They lack real world experiences and may see something that is fictional but maysee it as realityo The point here is that kids media intake matters because they are more vulnerable- Sex Role Stereotypes-a set of portrayals of sex appropriate appearance, interests, skills, behaviors, and self-perceptions- Women in the media are symbolically annihilated because only idealized versions of women and women’s lives are discussed/showno As a result: Women are shown less often than men are Women are less often the protagonist Women are white, thin, young, and beautiful Women are virginal yet know what to do in the bedroom Work-life balance issues are rarely discussed- The Scientific Perspectiveo Characteristics Systematic Replicable Made Public Goes through peer-review processeso Content Analysis Describes messages Allows you to make comparisons- Over time, between groups, to reality Advantages - Systematic and replicable- Unobtrusive(don’t have to recruit participants)- Easy to make comparisons Limitations- No info about processes or effectso You can make guesses but have to prove those guesses in some other wayo Surveys Describes characteristics of a population Examines relationships between variables Advantages- Representative- Naturalistic Limitations- Can’t establish causation- Could have a 3rd variable playing a role- Can only establish a relationshipo Experiment Isolates effects of specific variables Establishes causality Usually have treatment and control group so you can see the differences and look at your variables Advantages- Control Limitations- Limited generalizabilityo It can be artificial due to labs and created areasLecture 4 (September 5th)- Gender Socialization- the process by which children learn the norms and expectations for males and females in their cultures- Several skills are required for learning about gender roleso Gender Identity(about age 2) Can identify their gender by external appearanceso Gender Stability(about age 3) “I’m a little boy and when I grow up I’ll be a daddy not a mommy.” Still not clear about gendered identitieso Gender Constancy(about age 5) Biological sex is constant and can’t change- Schemas: a mental structure that represents some aspect of the worldLecture 5 (September 10th)- Cultivation theoryo Viewing television cultivates shared conceptions of “reality” among a diverse TV audienceo Heavy viewers are more likely to have real-world perceptions that are like the TV world This is opposite for lighter viewerso Cultivation theory assumes that… Themes are pervasive(present across all of television) It is useful but not perfect- Genres definitely matter Harrison Study (2003)Lecture 6 (September 12th)- Eating disorders and body images are two separate and unique concepts- The role of the media in these relationships is a complex process- The media can’t cause eating disorders- They can and do influence body image- Takes many years for an eating disorder to occur- MEDIA EXPOSURE leads to INTERNALIZATION which leads to BODY DISSATISFACTION which leads to DISORDERED EATING- Eating Disorderso Anorexia Nervosa Refusal to maintain a healthy body weight Must be 15% below normal weight for height to be clinically diagnosed Undereating and overexcercisingo Bulimia Purging Consume way more than any normal person can digest- Get rid of it or purge it by vomiting, using laxatives, or diuretics Must be binging 2-3 times a week for 6 months to be diagnosedo Haven’t come up with an effective way to help cure it  High mortality rate (20%)o Anorexia takes place in .5-4% of populationo Bulimia takes place in 1-4% of populationo Most people aren’t diagnosed and the ways of diagnosing it aren’t workingLecture 7 (September 17th)- Social Cognitive theoryo Learn by watching models in our environment Modeling enhanced by rewards/punishments  Attractive models are ones who we would want to be in some wayo Fouts Study- Social Comparison Theoryo Humans have an innate tendency to compare themselves with others in an effortto self-evaluateo Comparisons aren’t always equalo Can be “upward” or “downward” “upward”- You perceive the other person to be better than you- You feel bad about yourself- We usually make these comparisons more “downward”- You perceive the other person is worse off than you- You feel better about yourselfo Factors that enhance/mitigate comparison process Women of color- Not very many have anorexia or bulimia Need people like yourself in the media Race AgeLecture 8 (September 19th)- The Pro-Ana Communityo Disseminate info about eating disorders with otherso Focused on control of themselves and their dieto Usually women under 18o Looking for emotional, informational support, etc. o To them anorexia is a lifestyle not a disease They don’t think anything is wrongo Characteristics Themes: control, strong, perfection Pro-ana often comes with aversion to recovery Ana: anorexia Mia: bulimia Very easy to meet other people that share the same struggles- Reasons for Bloggingo Social supporto Self-expressiono Coping with stigmao Catharsis- Drawbacks of Bloggingo Fear of disclosure to friends and familyo Social supporto Encouraged eating disordersLecture 9 (September 24th)- Male Body Idealo Young men are increasingly pressured to be muscular o Ideal body type is v-shaped: broad shoulders and large biceps, narrow waisto How to achieve this ideal? Anabolic steroid use is comparable to rates of anorexia and bulimia among adolescents- Consequences of steroid useo Increased chance of prostate cancero High blood pressureo Lack of fertilityo Growth of breast tissue This body is easier to achieve than an ideal woman’s but it is