Tel-T 192 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 16Lecture 17- Title IXo Prohibits universities from discriminating on the basis of sexo 1972o Wasn’t really about sports at all Came into the athletics world in the 1990s Athletics departments offered more things and money to men and men’s sports In order to comply with this, schools frequently had to cut back on men’s sports funding- Media and the female athleteo Bias in coverage Print and tv Men get more coverage; women only 3% of total coverageo Female athletes are frequently shown off the courto More female journalists and reporters than ever before Journalists are generally unaware of bias in the coverageo Female athletes are symbolically annihilated because they are shown as nothing in comparison to their male counterpartso Production Angles of photos differ between gender Women are often characterized as emotional Use more slow motion for women- Baywatch effect- The way it is produced makes it seem slower than it actually iso Commentary Influence(Messner 1993) Gender marking-consistently reminding viewer you are watching the women’s version of something Hierarchy of naming- Consistently refer to women athletes as girls- Women athletes frequently referred to by first name while males are referred to by their full name or their last name Messner’s Content Analysis- Nice guys finish lasto Aggression and injury are praised- White dominated commentators- Athletes give up their bodies for sportso Play with injuries or concussions and are praised for ito Bias gets embedded The role of the female sports announcer enhances this ideao Stereotyping “naturally” less exciting- Less camera angles, special effects, etc- Less advertising revenue If you are an athlete, you must be a lesbian- Hyper-sexualized portrayals often show people you aren’t gayo Men are expected to be heterosexualo Effects Smaller audiences Learned attitudes about women’s sports equals less enthusiasm Impact of these biases on young girls and boys- Can actually impact motor performanceo Studies by Harrison and Fredrickson Softball throwing and then either saw a hyper-sexualized portrayal or an athletic portrayal Girls who saw the sexualized portrayal did worse throwing than the first time This is an example of social learning- Influences young boys’ attitudes about female athletesLecture 18- The Problems o Females in film do not represent half the cinematic sky  Outnumbered 5 to 1  More likely to see predominantly male cast o Behind the scenes females are small in number but large in influence o Females lack equity and they’re eye candy  Women are marginalized - Women in News Mediao Regulation  Equal employment opportunity act 1969- Before act o Self-imposed rules  Sex and race o Media industry were used as an example o In able to continue their licensing  Had to prove women + minorities - Regulation o Closer to achieving 50-50o Had women in almost every section except broadcast management - Specifically applied to minorities originally - Then women were included in 1971 1980’s deregulation - Regan deregulated the industry o Market place approach  Let audience decide what they want to see  Those that are watched become popular and so more ofthe same is made - New rule o Radio stations no longer had to run local news - Women and minorities lost their jobs o Usually hired to be news reporters - Took away any gains the equal employment opportunity had  Telecommunications act of 1996- Allowed media industry to consolidate - Before o A single company could not own more than a few station (7am and 7 fm stations) o A lot of companies existed - New legislation o No cap on how many media stations one company could own - Result o About 6 major companies own the media  Influence the media  They make what we see  television newspapers sporting arenas all owned by companies  all 6 CEO’s are white males  controls 70% of our cable- Effect o Fewer jobs o Women even fewer jobs o Because of conglomeration no longer need 6 people to do the job of 1 = no jobs for women - The Problem o Trends in Ownership  Horizontal - One media company buys another of the same type - Newspaper buys newspaper Vertical - Media company buys suppliers and distributers that get the media to the public - Owns many different things- Control content and distribution  Conglomerate - When they buy non media enterprises- If they own other businesses = free advertisement for other businesses in the media Lecture 19- Social Function of News in Societyo vital commodityo surveillance functiono gatekeeping functiono agenda setting function- Newspaperso more men act as gatekeepers, less women act as gatekeeperso men cover certain issues differently than women cover certain issues- Televisiono when women become anchors, they become newso Katie Couric: The Discipline Function of the press women are sexualized and personalizedo women are perceived as less credible (by men, not by women) when sexualized and personalizedo more women are on NPR and PBS because they are not-for-profitLecture 20- creatorso it is a glamorized industry play and design video games see the newest things firsthand  sought after industryo the passion that leads people to become designers and developers can be mishandled women’s passions become a gendered issue- there is a notion that their priorities are placed elsewhere- Characterso Appear less frequently than male characters When they do appear, they are often overly sexualized It’s not just the sex, it’s the comparison- Social comparison- These characters are desirable and sought after- Reinforces the thin ideal- Women compare to models regardless of achievabilityo Hypersexualization leads to objectificationo Features of the female form are made more extremeo The future of female characters isn’t all that bad Game designers are including stronger female characters, more complex female characters, and capable female characters in games not always meant for men- Gamerso Many women play and they are usually just normal womeno Women 18 and over represent 31% of the gaming populationo Many women are casual gamers But an increasing number of women are hardcore gamerso Women and girls play games for the same reasons that