FW104 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Wildlife Management, Disturbance & SuccessionA. Disturbance1. Disturbance Vary in Scalea. local b. regional2. Disturbance Vary in Intensity3. Disturbance Vary in Frequency 4. Role of Natural Disturbance B. Succession1. Seral Stagesa. Primary Succession b. Secondary Successionc. Stages of Succession ExplainedC. Anthropogenic Disturbance 1. Deforestation2. Light Pollution3. Sound PollutionOutline of Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Wildlife Management and Climate ChangeA. Review B. Climate Forcings C. Global Responses to Temperature Change?D. Wildlife Implications to Temperature Change?E. Arctic Report CardF. Affects on Wildlife 1. Polar Bear 2. Pika G. Permafrost H. Coral I. Why so Much Debate and Questions?Current LectureI. Wildlife Management and Climate ChangeA. Review- Carbon cycle: sinks, deforestation, acidity, eutrophication - Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation. ^Transpiration and evaporation increases as temperature increases. B. Climate forcings:- Things that change the balance between incoming and outgoing energy in the climate system are called forcings. - Ex: natural forcings: solar energy, volcanic eruptions- Ex: anthropogenic forcings: air pollution, greenhouse gases- At some point we may put more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than the earth’s systems (or our own actions) can remove- TIIPPING POINT- rate of change, lag time of temperature changeC. Global responses to temperature change? - Lakes freezing later, glacial retreat, 2/3 earths surface – water, weather, coastal lines or coasts, sea ice/reflectivity, permafrost/methane (less ground frozen-release of methane gas), acidity of ocean/coralD. Wildlife implications of change?- Welfare Factors: Terrestrial (precipitation, temp), aquatic (temp, acidity)- Life Cycles/Life Histories - Biotic Relationships - Adaptation/evolution - Geographic Distribution E. Artic Report card: - sea ice extent = state of arctic sea ice cover – satellite data since 1979 (sept endof summer vs. march end of winter) - extensive loss in recent years- age of ice > older > thicker = more resilient to change- First year Ice (FYI) = increasing – older ice - Glaciers: climatic mass balance = different between annual mass gain (precipitation on glaciers and annual mass loss (melt/sublimation/evaporation), mass balance year. F. Affect on Wildlife1. Polar Bears- top predator decline, status = threatened- rely on ice hole to hunt seals, starvation, drowning due to ice loss- other impacts: oil and gas, pollution, overharvested- genetically closest to the grizzly, largest living bear species, upper level predator of marine ecosystem, diet is ringed seals and bearded seals, late sexual maturity, small litter sizes, and extensive parental investment = K species- protected by marine mammal protection act & CITES & ESA, 180,000 acres dedicated to habitat for polar bears in 20132. Pika (ochotona princeps): - Lagomorph – related to rabbits and hares- Not listed under ESA (2010 review concluded not warranted)- Live at high elevations in rock fields, dry forbs/grasses in “hay piles” for winter, are active and forage even in winter, often in subnivean runways beneath the snow, will die if body is exposed to temp. >75 degrees for short periods of time- What does snow provide for the pika? Insulation and shelter from the elements, subnivean runways are warmer than running above ground, Pika aren’t insulated in winter, they use more energy and can run out of calories before winter endsG. Permafrost- Permanently frozen ground (2 or more years), top layer thaws annually - Active layer which is what they test, active thickness layer – thaw depth, increasing many areas, same maintaining or decrease slightly in interior regions)- Measure mean temperatures of ground via bore holes, sequestered methane = ecological & structural concernsH. Coral:- When corals are stressed by changes in temperature, light, acidity, or nutrients they can become stressed. - Before and after changes are called the bleaching effect. - Symbiotic relationship with algae breaks down, algae expelled, loose nutrient source, algae shutdown photosynthesis – which provides sugars for coral, not dead but stressed may or may not survive the bleaching event- 2005 US lost half of its coral reefs in the Caribbean due to thermal stressI. Why so much debate and question? - Politics - Economy- Education/outreach- Alarmists- Complexity- Lack of info- Poor science/information- Tragedy of the