FW 104 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture (Continued from last lecture)c.Non-game5. Management Approachesa. Featured Speciesb. Maximize Species Richness6. Ecosystem ManagementII. PopulationOutline of Current Lecture (Continued from last lecture) II. Population A. r Vs. K selection1. r-selected life histories2. K- selected life historiesB. Behavior – Mating SystemsIII. The Wildlife Managers Tool Box A. Questions to Consider and Ask B. ConsiderationsC. Specific Data D. Non-Invasive Techniques E. Invasive TechniquesF. Tracking Animal MovementsCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Population - Maximum sustained yield – populations maintained at ½ K will produce the max numberof animals that can be harvested each year HOWEVER there are different situations that prevent or disturb this trend such as harvesting a larger amount than the set number allowed to harvest. - If we harvest at MSY, why are commercial fisheries declining? - How easy is it to estimate K? How easy is it to estimate MSY? Dynamic, Tragedy of the Commons, Monitoring. - Moving target: hard to model and predict, hard to measureA. r Vs. K selection- an approach to conceptualizing the range of life history strategies 1. r-selected life histories - adaptations for rapid growth- reproduced rapidly, high, mortality, rapid turnover of generations, good dispersal, little effort in young, many offspring, poor competitors- better adapted for unstable transient habitat conditions (early – mid succession pioneers)2. K-selected life histories- Competition for resources is intense, good competitors- Low reproductive rates, few offspring, more effort into young (feeding, defense from predators)- Adapted for stable habitat (Climax communities) B. Behavior – Mating Systems - Monogamy – seasonal or lifetime (Ex: Bald Eagle)- Promiscuity – indiscriminate mating - Polygamy – one mate to several mates (Ex: Polyandry & Polygyny)- Polyandry – one female to several males- Polygyny – one male to several femalesIII. Wildlife Managers Tool Box A. Questions to Consider and Ask - What do we want to learn?- How’ll we gather the information?- Why? Study Population? concern of decline, mating patterns, human impact, etc.- What? We want to know? Interactions, competitors, resources, population #, reproductive rates, physical attributes, etc. - Who? Needs to be involved? Programs, political, jurisdiction, etc. - Where? Access?- When? Season involved? Hunting seasons especially concern for safety- Cost? B. Considerations- Timing (seasons, day/night, urgency)- Partners - Access - What is the least impact to the population or animal (invasive vs. nonvasive)- Impact to the land/habitat- Public concerns/perceptions- Birth rate and Mortality – (IDEAL): age and growth, study lifetime of a marked animal is difficult. (REALITY): sample population for age distribution (ex. Survival by age), age by tooth wear invasive or non-invasive?- Food habits – scat analysis to get species, food, disease, DNA, habitat conditions. Stomach analysis is when look in the stomach of a deceased or live studied species. Invasive?. Gastric lavage is when the stomach of a live studied species is flushed out. Behavioral observation (non-invasive)C. Specific Data: - What? Food, condition, population (birth rate, mortality, harvest), genetics, movement (dispersal, migration, home range, territory), habitat requirements, etc. D. Non-invasive Techniques - Observation- Remote cameras: presence/absence- Hair snares: genetics/sex- Track plates: species/individual ID- Scat: genetics, hormones, and diet analysis E. Invasive Techniques - Trapping: snap traps (traditional mouse traps: lack movement information including migration and home range), Sherman Live Traps (mark and recapture animals), Havahart traps (like Sherman Live Traps but larger), Drift fence for Reptiles/Amphibians, Funnel Traps for snakes, Coral Trap for antelopes. - Netting: mist netting (birds and bats), herp nets (bats), net guns (large birds and mammals)- Darting - Marking: permanent (tags, collars, radio-telemetry, tattoos, bands, toe clipping, PIT tags)or semi-permanent (dyes, hair clipping, toenail clipping, drop off collars)F. Tracking Animal Movement - Lower-tech: inexpensive, recapture of marked individuals, small mammal trapping on a grid, recapture or harvest of a banded bird. - Higher-tech: expensive, radio telemetry (local scale), Global Positioning System and satellites (larger scale), and Doppler radar (night