FW104 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-12September 23, 2014: Tuesday: was a video lectureLecture 7 (September 25, 2014)- Rachel Carson – Marine Biologist, impeccable science that was effectively communicated,bioaccumulation vs. biomagnificationBioaccumulation – the increase in concentration of a substance(s) in an organism or a part of that organismBiomagnification – the increase in concentration of a substance in a food chain, not an organism (bioamplification)4. Environmental Era (1966-1984) - Silent Spring (1959) by Rachael Carson – devastating effects of DDT, a chemical- Environmentalists- Endangered Species Act of 1973- National Environmental Policy Act of (1970)5. Present Era (1990 - ...)- Conservation Biology- Biodiversity- Animal Rights- Ecosystem Management- Human DimensionsLecture 8 (September 30, 2014)I. Wildlife Management- Where we come from and where we going? A. Components of Effective Wildlife Management- Biota: what are the necessary habitat requirements? Limiting factors? Management plan?- Habitat: what is your target species or community species?1. Goals of Wildlife Management- Increase or decrease or maintain population- Values may determine goals: science and technology knowledge- Achieve goals2. Direct Management - Increase, decrease, or maintain a population- Doing something to changes numbers in a population3. Indirect Management - Habitat alteration- Prey manipulation- Humans – education campaign - Cannot measure population number but kind of impact4. Categories of Wildlife- There are game = harvested …. Nongame = non-harvested- Values and political boundaries a. Game - Big game: hunting, polarizing, absence of predators, differing values (economical, cultural, and recreational), most important big game is whitetail deer which also are the most cause of car accidents in the East. Whitetail deer (lift tail when they run, long antlers then all branch), Mule deer (tails stay down when run, short tails, antler is that there is one long piece)- Big game management complexities: overpopulation in areas outside hunting, overbrowse, chronic wasting disease, human/wildlife interaction, car collisions/underpasses, predators (livestock loss, human safety, impacts on other big game)- Furbearers: hunted for fur like wolves, beavers, etc., beavers (dams, trees, trapping), 1995 amendment states humane trapping, species reintroduced. - Migratory game birds: Migratory Bird Act, federal regulation and international regulation, Ex: Waterfowl- Non-webbed migratory game: Ex: Sandhill Crane, mostly protected, staging area along South Pacific. - Habitat Complexities: many species are favored by a high diversity of habitats and subsequent creation of edge (but not all), Stocking - Good idea or not?, Grey Zone - unprotected species, Quail Covey Habitat and Edge, Private land prairie dogs (Black-tailed prairie dogs on-going battles, can control on private land as nuisance but need small game license on public land, 98% decline led to proposal to list as federally threatened, USFWS denied protection)b. Non-game: Watchable Wildlife, T & E Species, EX; Black-footed ferret, Whooping Crane, Etc.Lecture 9 (October 2, 2014)a. Non-game: watchable wildlife (millions of people, non-consumptive?, most species, millions of dollars) and examples include neotropical migrants, and other1. Management Approachesa. Featured species – game or T & E species. Pros are focused on money andefforts. Cons are needs of other species. b. Maximize Species Richness (# of species) –Pros are managing too many species. Cons are sometimes non-natives included 2. Ecosystem Management - Common errors of the management approaches include: - Small scale (usually look at too small of a scale), think of systems as closed, understanding life history & ecology, oversimplification, failure to evaluate management impacts due to ego, lack of funding, and afraid of results. I. Populations - Population abundance – number of individuals of a species that occupies a certain areaA. Population Characteristics - Birth or Natality Rate- number of - Fecundity – number of eggs produced per female (potential or physical ability) - Fertility – percent of female’s eggs that are fertile (actually can result in offspring)- Production – actual number of surviving offspring produced by a population- Recruitment – number of new individuals reaching breeding age in the population (pass on new genetic material)- Fitness – relative ability of an individual or population- Mortality or Death Rate – number of deaths per number of individuals over a specified time period- Dispersal – movement of individuals from one location to another- Immigration Rate - # of individual movement of a species into another region or habitat which they are not native too and temporarily settle- Emigration Rate- # of individual movement of a species into another region or habitat which they are not native to but intent to permanently settle there. - Population have an age structure - Population growth curves helps us determine how much fishing or hunting effort- Exponential Growth – introduced/recovering- Biotic Potential – max rate at which population can grow when no resources are limiting (referred to as “r”), max births (“b”) and minimum deaths (“d”). r = b – d. Lecture 10 (October 7, 2014). Population - Maximum sustained yield – populations maintained at ½ K will produce the max numberof animals that can be harvested each year HOWEVER there are different situations that prevent or disturb this trend such as harvesting a larger amount than the set number allowed to harvest. - If we harvest at MSY, why are commercial fisheries declining? - How easy is it to estimate K? How easy is it to estimate MSY? Dynamic, Tragedy of the Commons, Monitoring. - Moving target: hard to model and predict, hard to measureA. r Vs. K selection- an approach to conceptualizing the range of life history strategies 1. r-selected life histories - adaptations for rapid growth- reproduced rapidly, high, mortality, rapid turnover of generations, good dispersal, little effort in young, many offspring, poor competitors- better adapted for unstable transient habitat conditions (early – mid succession pioneers)2. K-selected life histories- Competition for resources is intense, good competitors- Low reproductive rates, few offspring, more effort into young (feeding, defense from predators)- Adapted for stable habitat (Climax