FW104 1nd Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Biology Background1. DNA2. VariationII. Why Sex?III. Speciation Outline of Current Lecture I. EcologyII. Levels of OrganizationIII. What’s a Species?A.ClassificationIV. HabitatA. FoodB. WaterC. CoverD. SpaceE. OxygenF. Special Needs V. Welfare Factors VI. NicheVII. Principles A. Principle of Competitive ExclusionB. Limiting Factor Principle & Law of Minimum C. Principle of Tolerance Limits OR Shelford’s Law of ToleranceCurrent LectureI. Ecology: -Definition of Ecology: study of interrelationships among living systems and their environments (VL). Word is derived from Oikos meaning “study of home”, considereda young science-people or professions in Ecology called themselves “spatial ecologists”, “steam and cold ecologist”- Ex: Salmon Video – 750 miles up from sea salmon come up to breed and lay eggs, female makes the nest then lays eggs then male fertilizes eggs, after process is complete both male and female die from exhaustion, Salmon carcasses provide food These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.for bald eagles, bears, and other animals while also provide fertilizer and nutrients for the trees. II. Levels of Organization - Individual  Population  Community  Ecosystem - Individual: 1 individual of a species - Population: all individuals of species in given area that interact with each other (VL) - Community: assemblage of populations of different species that interact with each kjljljljlother in same environment (VL) - Ecosystem: community interacting with non-living matter and energy in environment oijiojio(VL) III. What’s a Species? - Species: groups of population that actually or potentially interbreed with each other kljlkjljand produce viable offspring (VL) … (viable meaning young that can survive, thrive and lkmlkreproduce) - Reproductively isolated from other groups A. Classification - Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species - Ex: Horseshoe hare = Animalia Chordata  Mammalia  Lagomorpha  lkjlkjlkjlkjLeporidae  Lepus  Americanus IV. Habitat -habitat definition: place or area where a population or an animal lives and provides jkjhkjwelfare factors. A. Food: food selection, food specificity B. Water: 10-20% loss in body leads to death C. Cover: types include aquatic, topography, and vegetative D. Space: home ranges (all space a species wants, needs, and likes) and territories oijijiiiiii(specific space a species wants, needs, and likes so it defends it) E. Oxygen F. Special NeedsV. Welfare Factors - Welfare factors definition: specific basal requirement for a species to survive; must be kljlkjlkfound locally within an animal’s habitat - Ecosystem services: processes through which ecosystems and their biota benefit asdfsdhumans (includes welfare factors, flood control, water filtration, etc.) VI. Niche - Definition of Niche: species place and function in within environment, habitat, and asdfddactions - Fundamental Niche: all physical, chemical, biological factors or roles that a species id ijnonnadapted to for use, growth, reproduction, and could potentially occupy - Realized Niche: portion of fundamental niche actually occupied by a species … may be oijoijoirestricted by competitive interaction with other species - Size of realized niche is determined by intensity (nature of competition) and human asdflkjdevelopment, land use, and management. VII. Principles A. Principle of Competitive Exclusion: two species cannot have the same exact niche - Ex: native Bluebirds migrate so when they leave their area then the Starling an asdfddddexotic bird moves into the area and occupies the nesting sites, so when the Bluebird asdfddddcome from migrating they do not have room to nest. B. Limiting Factor Principle/Law of the Minimum: Organism’s growth is limited by the asdfsafactor in the shortest supply - Ex: bluegill needs oxygen in a lake, Ex: nesting sites for wood ducks C. The Principle of Tolerance Limits or Shelford’s Law of Tolerance - a species need optimal ranges in environment in order to survive, as less optimal ranges than less the population of that species found in that environment or