FW104 1nd Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Wildlife Management and Climate ChangeA. Review B. Climate Forcings C. Global Responses to Temperature Change?D. Wildlife Implications to Temperature Change?E. Arctic Report CardF. Affects on Wildlife 1. Polar Bear 2. Pika G. Permafrost H. Coral I. Why so Much Debate and Questions?Outline of Current Lecture I. Introduction to the Endangered Species ActII. 18 Sections of the Endangered Species ActA. Section 2B. Section 3C. Three Phases of Conserving Endangered SpeciesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.D. Section 4: Listing1. Criteria for Listing 2. Candidate Species 3. Goals for Recovery 4. DelistingE. Section 7Current LectureI. Introduction to the Endangered Species Act- Why do species become threatened, endangered, or extinct? Habitat loss, disturbance, contaminants, consumptive use, invasives, commercial value like pet trade, illegal trade ($5b), tragedy of the commons and differing values. - 1973 endangered species act – allows protections for all species (except non-natives and pest species), protects habitats as well as species, US Fish & Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Commerce. II. 18 Sections of the Endangered Species ActA. Section 2: Findings and Purposes- Purpose is to conserve endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems on which they depend B. Section 3: Key Definitions: - Endangered: any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range- Threatened: any species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. - Critical habitat: specific geographic erases with physical and biological features essential to the conservation of a listed speciesC. Three phases of conserving endangered species1. Identification2. Protection 3. Recovery D. Section 4: Listing - Listing: identifying species for possible designation as ‘endangered’ or ‘threatened’, citizen may petition the Fish and Wildlife Service or Fish and Wildlife Service may identification species through internal studies and discussion with states, academia and other experts in the scientific community, best scientific info available 1. Criteria for Listing: - Present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range. - Overutilization for commercial, recreations, scientific, or education purposes - Declining due to disease or predation - Inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. - Other natural or man-made factors affecting existence - Who can be listed? - ^ Allows for protections of all animals and plants, except pest insects. - ^ In the case of vertebrates only, distinct subpopulations can be protected.- Why is it important? - ^ Critical habitat designations: controversy/confusion, critical habitat may include areas that are not currently occupied by the species but that will be needed for its recovery. - Federal register >public comment> publish rule- Affects only federal agency actions or federally funded or permitted activities- Exclusion - “benefits of excluding…outweigh the benefits including …”- As of march 1, 2013 critical habitat has been designated for 661 of the 1499 US species listed as endangered or threatened2. Candidate species:- listing critical habitat designation, recovery, monitoring.- species that warrant listing but are precluded by higher workload priorities are placed on a candidate species list- State vs. fed. Vs. international = more and more difficult along with funding. 3. Goals for Recovery: - reduce or eliminate threats- restore self-sustaining wild populations- Remove species from the list: why so few/ monitoring /5years. - What is a sustainable population? At what # individuals can we call a population sustainable, or viable in the long term?- recovery plans: develop with stakeholders, id recovery strategy, identification takes and partners, establish delisting/down listing criteria, provide timetable and cost estimate, may address multiple species4. Delisting: - Delisting criteria identification in the species recovery plan, federal register notice published and public comment sought on proposal to delist. - Cooperation with the states: section 6: agreements, funds, review, conflicts, transition, regulationE. Section 7: Consultations - Role of federal agencies: requires fed agencies to…  initiate consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service in agency action may affecta listed or critical habitat ACTION: proposed change to the land that may or may not affect listed species, also private individuals if actions need a federal permit or funding more than 70000 federal actions are reviewed