HD 300 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 17Sexual Abuseo Who are the victims and who are the perpetrators of sexual abuse; what characteristics predispose one to abuse or set one up for abuse?o Victims are usually females (77%) 1 in 3 molested by age 18o Perpetrators are usually male (97%)o Sexual abuse of males is underreportedo Characteristics of children abused: One who has been sexually abused in the past (more vulnerable) Who is neglected or deprived Comes from a single parent family One with mental disabilities One who has few friends, looks lonelyo What does consent and free will involve? Can children consent knowledgeably?o Informed consent means the child must have FULL understanding of the significance of the sexual encountero A child CANNOT give informed consent Not developmentally mature enough to have full understanding They are not really free to say noo Since the perpetrator uses illegitimate power when initiating sexual consent, submission on the part of the child cannot be viewed as voluntaryo What are the differences in boys and girls who are sexually abused? How do they respond? Who abuses them? Who is abused most? Who is most likely to disclose the abuse?o Estimated cases of Sexual Abuse in US : 250,000-300,000 per yearo Median age 9-10 year olds Children of all ages are vulnerableo Girls more likely to be victims of incesto Boys more likely to be victims of perpetrators outside of the familyo Boys SA is underreported o Know the categories of familial sexual abuse.o “normal” families that are generally not known to the public service systemo “multi-problem” families with a long history of public agency involvemento “single event” familyo Know the progression (phases) of sexual abuse.1. Targeting the victim2. Gaining the victim’s trust3. Filling a need4. Isolating the child5. Sexualizing the relationship6. Maintaining controlo Know the factors that influence the degree of trauma (age of onset, duration, identity of the perpetrator, etc.)o The type of abusero Identity of abusero Duration of abuseo Extent of the abuseo Age of which the child was abusedo The first reactions of significant otherso The point at which the abuse was disclosedo The personality structure of the victimo What are The four preconditions for sexual abuse to take place?o The offender must: Have sexual feelings toward children Overcome internal inhibitions Overcome external inhibitions Overcome child’s resistanceIncesto What is the most common for adult perpetrators and child victims (1) number-wise; (2) percentage-wise? What is the most common type of incest overall? What is reported on and written about the most? Are boys or girls more at risk? Are boys or girls more likely toreport it?o Number wise: biological father/daughter most commono Percentage wise: stepfathers or mother’s boyfriend and the daughter most common incesto Sibling incest is most common overall 5 times more common than father/daughter incest Step siblings is higher than biological siblingso Estimated that 1 in 10 homes is incestuouso Underreported- for every case reported, an estimated 25 cases go unreportedo Know the family patterns associated with father/daughter incest.o Family dysfunction and pathologyo Possessive-Passive Patriarchal family Male authority Father relies on intimidation and physical force to maintain submission of family memberso Dependent-Domineering Strong, domineering woman and a weak, inadequate man Mom is dominant and father associates with the children Mother withdraws and seeks gratification elsewhere (like work) Daughter steps into mother role and father looks to her for emotional and sexual needso Dependent-Dependent Spouses have witnessed or experienced abuse themselves Since no emotional support to each other, they turn to their children for nurturance Oldest daughter assumes the role of surrogate mother and sees her task as keeping the family together, as continues her role, the father sees her as a rival to his wife, and because his daughter appears to be more nurturing, he turns to her for comforto What motivates a father to commit incest? Know the types of incestuous fathers.o Fathers: poor impulse control, low frustration tolerance, and need forimmediate gratificationo Most common= a father who overcompensates for his feelings of powerlessness by adopting an extremely rigid, controlling, authoritarian position as the undisputed head of the householdo Another type: does not project his insecurity through aggressive or violent behavior but instead withdraws from adult responsibilities and maintains passive-dependent role, often seeming like a child himselfo What about the mother in the incestuous family? How do the children feel about her? Is she to blame? What is she like? Know the types of mothers in incestuous families.o 2 types of mothers in incestuous families: dominant and dependent o Victims harbor as much if not more resentment toward their mothers for what they perceive as that parent’s failure to protecto Collusive mothers: one who is withdrawn, cold, ill or psychologically impaired and who pushes her daughter into her own role in the familyo Powerless mother: one who feels helpless, defeated, victimized and unable to protect herself let alone her daughtero Protective mother: one that is recently emergingExtra-familial Sexual Abuseo How does an outsider gain access to a child?o Choose careers that put them in contact with children Teachers, YMCA, scout leaders, camp counselorso Hang out in places where children congregate Parks, malls, arcades, playgroundso Outside of the home, where are children abused? Who abuses them?o School (teachers)o Clergy memberso Online (pedophiles)o Pedophiles - know the characteristics of the fixated offender compared to the regressed offender. What motivates pedophiles to offend?o Regressed offender: no interest in children until adult relationships break down, often married, usually prefer adult partner, offending may be associated with a crisis, abuse is less frequento Preference offender: long-term interest in children, become emotionally involved with children, ineffective in adult relationships, often acts out fantasies, may see the child as the initiator o Seek relationships with children because: View children as non-conflictual partners Think children can satisfy their emotional needs Sexual