HD_300 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Upcoming ExamII. Term Papera. Extra credit for plagiarism activityOutline of Current Lecture I. DemographicsII. Types of Sexual AbuseIII. PreconditionsIV. The perpetrator V. Issue of ConsentVI. Incesta. Myths about incestVII. Factors contributing to sexual abuse a. Childhood experiences of the offenderb. Cultural normsc. Vulnerable role relationshipsd. Partner characteristicse. Factors that make the child readily available to the abuserf. Factors affecting self-esteem of perpetratorg. Child factorsCurrent LectureDemographics- Sexual abuse cuts across all socioeconomic levels- Offenders – usually male (97%)- Victims – usually female (77%)o 1 in 3 molested by age 18- Sexual abuse of males is under-reportedo Reported 1 in 7 molested by age 18 Professionals in the field think it is more than that.o The rate may be as high as that for girls- Estimated cases of SA in U.S. – 250,000 to 300,000 per yearo (HHS Report 2011 – 36, 592 reported in 2010)- Median age is 9 to 10o Children of all ages are vulnerable (birth through adolescence)- Girls more likely to be victims of incest- Boys more likely to be victims of perpetrators outside of the familyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- SA most common within families (also known as incest)o Estimated 1 in 10 homes incestuous- Adult-child incesto Number wise, stepfathers or mother’s boyfriend and the daughter most common- Sibling incest is most common overallo 5 times more common than father/daughter incesto Step siblings is higher than biological siblingsSexual Abuse- Includes much more than sexual intercourse- Often begins innocuously and may not progress to sexual intercourse for a long timeo Grooming the childTypes of Sexual Abuse- Voyeurism (peeping Tom)- Exposure (flashing)- Suggestive or “dirty” talk- Pornographyo Showing or involving child- Fondlingo Inside or outside- Masturbationo Masturbating in front of the childo Masturbating the childo Having child masturbate the perpetrator- Rubbing genitals on the child- Penetration- Rapeo Any sexual activity in which force, threats of force, or threats in general are use. Penetration does NOT have to occur.Preconditions- The offender must:o Have sexual feelings toward childreno Overcome internal inhibitionso Overcome external inhibitionso Overcome child’s resistance The Perpetrator- Compared to the victim, the perpetrator:o Possess more knowledge about sexo More powerful than the victimo Is generally older- The act is primarily for the sexual gratification of the offenderThe Issue of Consent- Informed consent means the child must have a full understanding of the significant of the sexual encounter.- A child cannot give informed consento Not developmentally mature enough to have a full understandingo Is not really free to say no- Since the perpetrator uses illegitimate power when initiating sexual consent, submission on the part of the child cannot be viewed as voluntary.Incest- Legally defined as sexual intercourse between two persons so closely related that marriage is prohibited by law.o Sex between step-parents and children, or between step-siblings is viewed as incest- For every reported case of incest, an estimated 25 cases go unreported.- Also, under-treatedMyths about Incest- It is limited to rural sections of the countryo NOT TRUE, CAN HAPPEN ANYWHERE- - It is a one or two time occurrence involving a single child in the familyo NOT TRUE, CAN GO ON FOR YEARS & INVOLVE MULTIPLE CHILDREN- It is just another normal deviation in a varied sex life (open families)- The incest taboo limits incest- Incest is less traumatic to the child than sexual assault by a stranger- Children may be responsible for the incestuous encounterFactors Contributing to Sexual Abuse- Childhood experiences of the offendero An estimated 70% if male sex offenders were molested when they were children- Cultural norms that:o Sanction the right of adults to impose their will on childreno Support male dominanceo Are related to male sexuality- Vulnerable role relationshipso Step, foster, and adopted childreno Non-custodial or single parents- Partner characteristicso Rejection, ridicule, and defiance by a partnero Infidelityo Withholding sex- Factors that make the child readily available to the abusero Crowded living conditionso Sleeping arrangementso Parents working different shifts One parent home, one parent is not’o Child care arrangements- Factors affecting self-esteem of perpetratoro Loss of a jobo Unemploymento Injuries or illnesso Disabilitieso Rejection by pees or family members- Child factors – a child:o Who has been sexually abused in the past = more vulnerable Coming on to the adult, or have low self-esteem and are an easy targeto Who is neglected or deprivedo Comes from a single parent familyo With mental disabilitieso Who has few friends Looks lonely, sad- Family factorso Family problemso Parental incapacity Abusing alcohol, on drugs, just doesn’t know how to parent, etc.o Marital statuso Family characteristics Alcoholism or drug dependency Authoritarian fathers Social isolation of the familyCategories of Incestuous Families- “Normal” families that are generally not known to the public service system- Multi-problem families with a long history of public agency involvement- The “single event” familyPatterns of Sexual Abuse- Dyadico Most common patterno Involves 2 people – perpetrator and victim- Group sexo Single offender and more than one victimo More than one offender and/or victim Gang rape- Sexual exploitationo Children are sued to produce pornography and are sold as prostitutes- Sex ringso Boys are more likely to be victimizedo Generally developed by pedophiles- Ritualistic sexual abuseo Private – occurs frequently and in the same mannero Group – involves more than 2 persons and is likely to include occult practicesDefense Mechanisms- Behavioralo Feign sleepo Hideo Withdrawalo Submissiono Some will report- Psychologicalo Denialo Repressiono Regressiono Rationalization (making excuses)o Dissociation (multiple personality/dissociative identity disorder)o Post-traumatic stress disorder