HD_300 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Corporal PunishmentOutline of Current Lecture I. SpankingII. Cultural differences in the Unites StatesIII. Is spanking violence?IV. Hitting Children v. Hitting WivesV. Myths about SpankingVI. Short Term EffectsVII. Long Term EffectsVIII. Neurological EffectsIX. Corporal Punishment in SchoolsX. ConclusionsXI. Alternatives to SpankingXII. Shaken Baby Syndromea. definedCurrent LectureSpanking- Age at which children are most often spankedo Begins in infancy Can you imagine spanking a baby?- Happens when they have colic and won’t stop cryingo Peaks at age 2-4o Declines as the child gets older “on average” not in every householdo Approximately 25% of children age 15-17 are still being spanked- Boys are spanked more (but not much more)Cultural Differences (USA)- Research suggests: (research never “proves” anything)o Highest incidence in African American familieso Lowest incidence in Asian American familieso Highest rates in southern states followed by Midwestern stateso Lowest rates in Northeast and far Western states These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Is Spanking Violence?- Violence: the intention to cause or pain or injury - Both corporal punishment and violence are intentional- If a parent causes injury while spanking, it is violent and physically abusiveHitting Children vs Hitting Wives- Hitting children is socially acceptable and legal. However hitting a wife is a crime (now).- Children often believe they deserve to be hit. So do battered wives.- Hitting children usually does not result in injury. Only about 3% of assaults onwomen require medical attention.- Hitting children results in emotional trauma similar to that suffered by battered women.- Minor assaults on wives can escalate into severe violence. Corporal punishment can escalate in abuse.Myths- see handout.- Exampleso Spanking works bettero Spanking is harmlesso One or two times will not cause damageo Parents can't stop without trainingo Children will be spoiled if they are not spankedo Parents rarely spank and only for serious problemso Parents stop spanking when the child is a teeno If parents don't spank they will use verbal abuseo Expecting parents not to spank is unrealisticShort Term Effects - see handout- Research findings show that spanking is related to:o Fear of the parento Shame/degradation/humiliationo Feelings of unworthiness and rejectiono Erosion of trusto Child complies only when the parent is presento Child imitates the parents' behavioro Internal and external behavior problemsLong Term Effects- see handouto Parental coercion is positively correlated with delinquency and other criminal behavior later on, particularly crimes such as assault.o Children grow up and adopt it as their own parenting style.o Virtually all prison inmates incarcerated for harming other people havea history of (severe) corporal punishment in their backgrounds.Neurological Effects- research showso when a child is corporally punished the boy reacts- pour out hormones  flight/flight syndrome is triggered  brain focuses on survival- not on what the parent is saying child often cannot remember the rationale for the spanking Corporal Punishment in Schools (Children’s Defense Fund)- every day in America, more than 3,000 students are corporally punished - legal sanction vary from state to stateo some states and some mid-western states condone it o northeast and northwest states generally condemn it- often parents give permission for school officials to corporally punish the child- 22 states still allow corporal punishment- Some states permit it under any circumstances. Others permit it only under specific circumstances. It is illegal in some states. - In some states, any school official can hit a child. Some states permit only specified officials to mete out physical punishment- In some states, the teacher can be fired for using corporal punishment on a child. - Interesting fact: Poland was the first COUNTRY to ban corporal punishment in schools in 1783Conclusions- Almost every American child has been hit by his or her parent(s)- Corporal punishment may begin in infancy, peaks by ages 2-4, and then declines- The percentage of parents who approve of corporal punishment is declining, but still remains relatively high- Animals do not respond well to corporal punishment; neither do children.Alternatives to Spanking- Try to find the reason for the child’s behavior- Consider the child’s age and stage of development when evaluating behavior and considering methods of discipline- Examples:o Express displeasure at the behavior, not with the child.o Talk out the problem.o Praise the child for good behavior.o Take away privileges.o Ground the child.o Use the "time out" technique.o Assign extra chores.o The discipline should be appropriate for the behavior.o Time outo “logical consequences”- Mindful parentingo Listening with full attention o Nonjudgmental acceptance of self and childNo one is perfect-Children are going to make mistakes, children are going tomake mistakeso Emotional awarenesso Self-regulation in the parenting relationshipUnit 6: Physical Abuse Shaken Baby Syndrome- Video shown in class on shaken baby syndrome- Also known as Shaken Impact Syndrome- 1970’s- recognized by medical community- Acceleration and deceleration forces on the brain causes:o Shearing issueso Rupture of retinal blood vesselso Intra-cranial brain hemorrhageo Various types of neurological damage- 10-20% of SBS cases result in death - Signs and Symptoms of SBSo Unusually lethargic or irritableo Unconsciousnesso Seizureso Bulging on the anterior fontanel o Finger marks/bruises on the torso or extremitieso CT/MRI scan shows brain hemorrhage o “Raccoon eyes” resulting from retinal bleeding - Consequenceso Visual impairment or blindnesso Hearing impairment or deafnesso Cerebral palsy o Learning disabilitieso Paralysiso Death- Notes from the movie:o Parents may be unaware that shaking is dangerous and abusiveo Most often perpetrated by young fatherso Can by caused by  Shaking Bouncing the baby hard Vigorous tossing of baby in the air  Jogging with baby in backpack Any other activity that causes whip-like motion of the infant’s