HD_300 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Historical View of ChildrenII. Justification for AbuseIII. MutilationIV. InfanticideV. Sexual Misuse of ChildrenVI. Legal ActionVII. Justification for Prevention of Child AbuseOutline of Current Lecture I. Theoretical Explanation of Abuse and Attachment TheoryII. Psychoanalytical TheoryIII. Erikson’s Psychosocial TheoryIV. Learning TheoryV. Social Learning Theory VI. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentVII. Bio-Social TheoryVIII. Ecological ModelIX. The Family Connectiona. Overview of family abuse and neglectb. Risk factorsi. Parental characteristicsii. Child Characteristics1. Normal child2. Abnormal childc. Parenting stylesCurrent LectureTheoretical Explanation of Abuse Attachment Theory● Attachments are formed within the first year of life● Abuse interferes with attachment formation● Secure attachment (60-75%)○ Parents are attentive and responsive to infant○ Child is friendly, explores environment, and is comfortable with parents● Insecure attachment○ Parents often have history of attachment problems○ Abused children have higher rates of insecure attachmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.■ High rates of avoidant and disorganized attachments noted in abused childrenPsychoanalytic Theory:● Views of Freud● Abuse interferes with the child successfully having needs met & traversing each stage○ Oral Stage (infancy)○ Anal Stage (toddler)○ Phallic/Oedipal State (Preschool)○ Latency Stage (School-age)○ Genital Stage (Adolescence)Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory:● Eight developmental stages● Each stage has a dialectical struggle resulting in an ego strength● Abuse interferes with the tasks of each stage and thus negatively influencing subsequent stages.1. Trust vs mistrust (Infancy)2. Autonomy vs doubt (Toddler)3. Initiative vs guilt (Preschool)4. Industry vs inferiority (School-age)5. Identity vs identity confusion (Adolescence)6. Intimacy vs isolation (Young adulthood)Learning Theory:● Classical Conditioning- biological response to stimulus (Pavlov’s dogs)○ Increase heart rate, increased respiration rate, dry mouth, pallor, etc.○ A specific gesture, odor, sight, etc, that was associated with abuse may result in a biological response later on.● Operant Conditioning- behavioral response to stimulus (birds)○ Child- watchfulness, crying, hiding, aggressiveness, etc.○ Parent- child’s behavior elicits abusive responseSocial Learning Theory:● Learning can occur by imitation of a model (clown doll)○ Children learn from their parents● Cycle of violence● Aggressiveness expressed by children may reflect what is going on at homePiaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:● Abuse may interfere with cognitive development at each stage, thus influencing future stages● Academic achievement may be impaired● Abuse may negatively affect IQ● Abused children may not function at the same cognitive level as their peersBio-Social Theory:● Genetic basis for aggressiveness● Genetic (evolutionary) predisposition to protect biological child○ Adopted, step-children, and foster children at higher risk● Protection of genetic line puts some children at risk:○ Premature infants and children with disabilities at risk● Gender differences○ Males vs females as abusers○ Boys and girls are more vulnerable to different types of abuse■ Boys- Physical■ Girls- SexualEcological Model:● Environmental influences● Poverty● Overcrowding● Poor housing conditions (lead, asbestos, mold)● Dangerous neighborhoods and schools (gangs, drugs, shootings, etc.)● Culture the children grew up in● Good Books:○ “There are No Children Here” by Alex Kotlowowitz ○ “Amazing Grace” by Jonathan KozolThe Family Connection:Overview of family and abuse:● Majority of abuse occurs within the family● Home can be the most dangerous place for a child● Most parents DO NOT abuse their children● No qualifications are required to be a parentRisk factors:● Three factors put families at risk for abuse:○ Parental characteristics■ History of abuse (if the parent was abused)■ Marital relationship is in trouble■ Low self-esteem (virtually all)■ Unrealistic expectations of the child■ Nonchalance about the injury■ Parent not knowledgeable about normal child development■ Drug and/or alcohol use■ Temperament of the parent■ Biological factors (low IQ, depression, mental illness, hormonal imbalance, physical illness)■ Young or immature parents■ Punitive (harsh/severe) or neglectful parenting practices○ Child characteristics (normal child)■ Difficult or unplanned pregnancy■ “Wrong” sex■ “Ugly” child■ Born out of wedlock■ Step/foster/adopted child■ High activity level or ADHD○ Child characteristics (abnormal child)■ Premature■ Congenital anomalies■ Multiple births■ Seriously ill child (that child as well as other children in the home)■ Difficult Child (10%)- fussy or hyperactive● The family ecosystem (neighborhood, SES, culture, etc.)● Parenting