HD_300 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Definition of Child AbuseII. IncidenceOutline of Current Lecture I. Historical View of ChildrenII. Justification for AbuseIII. MutilationIV. InfanticideV. Sexual Misuse of ChildrenVI. Legal ActionVII. Justification for Prevention of Child AbuseCurrent LectureHistorical view of children● Historically, children were viewed as property of their fathers○ Patria Postestas- ownership of children○ Patriarchy- Fathers were the boss■ *Important terms, will be tested on these● Until the 20th century children were viewed and treated as “little adults”Justification for Abuse:● Maintain discipline● Transmit educational ideas○ Abuse in schools● Please certain Gods○ Sacrifice● Expel evil spirits○ “Beating the devil out of the child”● Religious beliefs and practices● Political agendas○ King Herod■ Put out an order to kill everyone under age two○ HolocaustMutilation:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.● Male circumcision○ Most common operation performed○ Pros■ Cleanliness■ Prevents phimosis- the foreskin getting closed together. Causing infection and making it difficult to get an erection for older men■ Prevents the need for circumcision later on- by choice or need○ Cons■ Hemorrhage or infection- by doctor error; not as common anymore■ Scarring■ May reduce sexual satisfaction (extremely rare)● Female genital mutilation (FGM)○ Estimated two million females each year○ In 1993, WHO called for its elimination○ Cultural occurrence■ Mostly in Africa and the middle East○ December 2012- UN called for a global ban■ Reasons- causes psychological, physiological, sexual, and reproductive harm.■ UN launched education programs○ Some immigrants to the US request a “ceremonial” version of FGM■ Small cut in the clitoral hood○ Complications of FGM■ Hemorrhage, infection, and tissue damage● At time of procedure● At time of intercourse● During and following childbirth● Life-long complications○ trouble urinating○ bleeding, etc● Death at time of procedure, following childbirth, or during intercourse if the man is not willing to wait for her to be stretched out (especially in infibulation)○ Three types of FGM (mostly all done in unsanitary places, not by doctor)1. Sunna- mildest forma. Removal of all or part of the clitoris2. Excisiona. Removal of clitoris and the labia minora3. Infibulation- Most severe and most commona. Removal of clitoris, labia minora, and part of the labia majorab. Sutured, leaving only a tiny hole for urine and menstrual flowi. When she gets married, husband must slowly create a bigger hole● Other mutilations○ Number one mutilation is of the genitals○ Foot binding (see handout)■ 1 in 10 girls die (infection)■ Eventually bones in mid-foot would be broken○ Other forms of binding■ Neck or head, cranial deformation○ Plates in earlobes and lips○ Vicious mutilation■ Hurting the child so the child can beg and make more money● Ex. blinding, burning, cutting limbs, breaking limbs, etc.Infanticide:● Historically: Killing of a newborn with consent from parents, family, or community● Patria Postestas○ The idea that the father “owns” the child● Determining whether the child is “human”○ Whether the soul has joined the body○ Whether the child has taken the first breath○ Whether the child had been given food yet● Reasons for infanticide○ Population control○ Control individual family size■ China- only allowed one child and boys are favored- girls are killed, given up for adoption, left outside, etc.○ Illegitimacy■ Parents aren’t married○ Maternal health reasons/mental illness■ Mother can’t take care of the child○ Greed for money and/or power○ Superstition● Infanticide- currently○ Postpartum depression/psychosis○ “Throw away infants”, dumpster babies, airport babies■ Almost all states have laws to protect mother as long as she drops the baby off at a police department or fire station○ Immature, impatient caregivers○ Other caregiver factors■ Drug use (meth is the highest)■ Alcoholism■ Depression or other mental illness■ Aggressiveness and anger (against spouse/other parent most commonly)● Methods of infanticide○ Blood is rarely shed■ Drowning, smothering, strangulation, beating, poisoning, incineration, burial (while alive)○ Ritual sacrifice■ Blood and knives often used for this○ “Overlaying”■ Smothering child while sleeping○ Now: most unwanted children are aborted rather than killed after they are bornSexual Misuse of Children:● Long history for both boys and girls● Sixteenth century- Recognition of sexual exploitations of children● Nineteenth century- Sexual abuse was known to be wrong so it was hidden○ More of a taboo than a law● 20th/21st centuries○ child pornagraphy flourishes○ child trafficking is a world-wide problem○ sexual abuse occurs inside and outside the home○ recognized as abuse and legal action is takenLegal Action:● 1874: Landmark “Mary Ellen Case”○ Prevention of Cruelty to Animals■ Laws were in place against mistreatment of animals but not children■ That group brought the case to court saying humans are mammals● 1875: Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Children● 1930: Social Security Act mandated child welfare services● 1946: John Caffey reported non-accidental trauma through x-rays● 1962: Dr. Henry Kempe described “The Battered Child Syndrome”○ Now the medical world was learning how to recognize abuse● Currently (national laws)○ Various child labor laws in place○ 1996- The National Child Protection Act (the Oprah Law)■ If a person is convicted of a sexual felony, they go on a national registry■ Problem: people pleading down to misdemeanor- don’t go on the list○ 1997- Meghan’s Law■ Girl kidnapped, raped, and murdered by her neighbor (convicted felon)■ If a person is convicted of a sexual felony, he/she has to report to the police, neighbors, community members (in the newspaper).○ 2003- Amber Alert Law (Elizabeth Smart)○ 2003- Ban on partial birth abortion■ If the fetus/baby is up to a certain point of development○ 2004- Lacy and Conner Law■ Pregnant wife murdered by husband■ If you kill a pregnant women now, you can be