Motivation to work  feelings of pride, happiness etc.Motivation to fight  feelings of anger, fear, defensivenessMotivation to use substance  avoidance of feelingsMotivation to be in a relationship  feelings of love, care, safetyMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsBottom first: Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualizationCarl Rogers: the person centered approach: approach to psychotherapy that emphasized reflecting feeling, sharing power with the client, nondirective counselingNecessary and sufficient conditions (6, only need to know these)The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationshipThe therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the clientThe therapist experiences an empathetic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the clientThe communication to the client of the therapists empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achievedCouns Psych 650Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (September 5)Definitions:- Interview: a communication interaction that is between two or more parties (individual or group), and at least one party has a goal- Culture: the values, attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and norms into which we are socialized- Worldview: how one perceives his/her relationship to the world (time, activity, nature, institutions, people and relationships)- Identity: one’s understanding and expression of their “self”Types of Interviews:- Journalistic: gather info, entertain  good story- Research: learn about group of people, apply info  valid, reliable data- Persuasive: sell an idea or product, maintain credibility  satisfied customer- Legal: discover facts or gain info, solve case  assign guilt/responsibility- Selection: evaluation, self-promotion  good match- Appraisal: evaluation, feedback, set goals  accurate evaluation- Discipline: feedback, info and decision  plan of action- Diagnostic: identify problem, get relevant facts  accurate diagnosis- Counseling: self-knowledge, feedback/suggestions  growth and changeI*G*U- Individual: all individuals are, in some respect, like no other individual- Group: all individuals are, in some respect, like some other individualso Gender, culture, race, sexual orientation, age, status- Universal: all individuals are, in some respect, like all other individualso Biological and physical systems, humanC*W*I (defined above)- Culture- Worldview: time (past, present, future), activity (being, being & becoming, doing), social relations (lineal, collaborative, individualistic), people and nature (subjugation of, harmony with, mastery over)- Identity: ethnic identity, racial identity, gender identityLecture 2 (September 12) Definitions- Meta-communication: communication about the nature of the conversation, overall process of talking about how it is being said and all that is involved in being said- Self-awareness: ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals- Self- concept: how you think about yourself, perceive yourself- Self-esteem: how you value yourself- Self-efficacy: confidence in yourself- Self-disclosure: intentionally revealing information, genuine and appropriate for context and purpose, builds comfort, confidence and trust in communication- Perceptual biases: tendency of individuals to use own opinions and behavior as an anchor for drawing social judgments in the face of uncertainty; made within seconds and minutes of interactionJohari Window- Luft & Ingham used this model to help people better understand their relationship with self and othersSelf-disclosing expands the open quadrant downward into hiddenEliciting feedback expands the open quadrant horizontally into blindSelf-awareness expands the open quadrant diagonally across unknownPerceptual biases- Confirmation bias: rejecting, disconfirming evidence; accepting confirming evidence- Selective attention: capacity or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously - Stereotyping: basing judgments of an individual upon your perceptions of/ideas about an entire group of peopleLevels of self-awareness- Unconscious incompetence: unconscious of what I don’t know- Conscious incompetence: conscious of what I don’t know- Conscious competence: aware of what you know, how you know it- Unconscious competence: unconscious of what I know (ex: dancer doesn’t think about steps they are taking, just in it and it comes naturally)Lecture 3 (September 19)Definitions- Implicit Personality Theory: specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on limited about of initial information about an unfamiliar person - Self heuristics: filling in information about someone based on your own experience- Primacy effects: tendency to remember the first thing that we were impressed upon5 ways of sending and receiving messages- Verbal: speaking, using words and language- Paralinguistic: tone, pitch, how loud, cadence- Nonverbal: facial expressions, posture, gestures- Complex actions: more than simply a gesture- Movements: how you are moving, rigid lines, free flowing, quick movements?Nonverbal Communication- 93% of communication is nonverbal- Important when content is about feelings, attitudes and behaviors- Infer something about personality based on nonverbal- How close is nonverbal matching verbal? Match= honest; non-match=dishonest (congruence/incongruence)5 things to look for in dishonesty- Time lag- Lack of eye contact- Quick shifts in posture- Unfilled pauses- Body postures/gesturesIGU and nonverbals- Universal- congruence, no matter the culture if someone’s nonverbals are not agreeing with verbal, they are being dishonest; Physiological signs- Group- spacing, don’t get too close when talking, eye contact, facial expression, gestures- Individual- personal patterns, physical differences (ex: disabilities), mood- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsBody postures & Gestures- Proxemics: how close you are standing to someoneo Intimate- 0-18 incheso Personal- 1-4 feeto Social- 4-12 feeto Public- 12 + feeto Personal bubble- larger for men than women, smaller if good relationship, size varies for different cultures, varies by context and