PSYC 4600 002 Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I Edward Bradford Titchener a Differences between Wundt and Titchener b Life as Titchener s grad student c Titchener s Experimentalists d Women and Titchener e His work i Elements of Consciousness 1 3 problems for psychology 2 3 elementary states of consciousness II Structuralism a Criticism III Criticisms of Introspection IV Additional criticisms V Contributions of Structuralism Outline of Current Lecture I Brief Introduction to Functionalism II Trends in the 19th century III Evolution was nothing new IV Jenny the chimpanzee V Charles Darwin VI Evolution VII It s influence on psychology VIII Frances Galton IX Studies of animal psychology Current Lecture o o o o Brief Introduction to Functionalism Def concerned with how the mind functions or how it is used by an organism to adapt to its environment Questions to address What do mental processes accomplish What does the mind do How is it used to adapt to the environment How do people function is different environments Trends in the 19th century Zeitgeist Industrial revolution Century of travel and discovery These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Century of inventions Theism vs Deism shift from faith in God to faith in science Evolution was nothing new Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1809 Theory about giraffes Charles Lyell mid 1800s Evolution and geology Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation Orangutans and chimpanzees put on display 1835 Scientist Captivated by Childlike Jenny Jenny 2 year old orangutan displayed at the London Zoo in 1838 Wore a girl s dress Sat at a table Used a spoon to eat from a plate Drank from a cup Understood her keeper s directions Recognized what she wasn t allowed to do Humanlike qualities knew right from wrong could anticipate a whipping captured the attention of Charles Darwin Wrote of her intelligence in comparison to man believed man should be humble to consider himself created from animals Charles Darwin Erasmus Darwin Grandfather Interest in natural history Studied for MD Clergy when on a voyage on the HMS Beagle 1831 36 went around the world and cataloged plants and animals Post Beagle was a changed man passion to develop a theory of evolution delayed publication suffered health problems neurosis The publication Alfred Russell Wallave outlined theory of evolution too First publication of Origin of the Species sold out 1858 What is the theory of evolution Natural selection individual variations are inheritable those that survive transmit skills and advantages to offspring Survival of the fittest those best suited for their environment and adapt survive Example Finches Beak Theory of Evolution So how will this influence psychology o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o focus on animal psychology emphasis on function rather than structure Acceptance of other types of methodology Focus on the description and measurement of individual differences Francis Galton 1822 1911 Extraordenary intelligence Prominent wealthy family Studied medicine Well traveled individual Art of travel Darwin s book had an immense impact in his life Mental Inheritance the mental capacities of each parent could be passed genetically to offspring I e two intelligent people would breed a genius Thought we could breed greatness Eugenics published a book called Hereditary Genius 1869 Statistics Quetelet 1796 1874 and the normal curve Galton applied the normal curve to human mental characteristics Developed the concept of correlation Mental tests coined by Cattell but concept was originated by Francis Galton Tests of motor skills and sensory capacities Galton saw intelligence in terms of person s sensory capacities Anthropometric Laboratory 1884 Tested more than 9 000 people Assessed Hearing Vision Height Weight Breathing power Strength of pull and squeeze Associations of ideas Diversity and reaction time of associations Somewhat connected to past experiences Word association tests Mental Imagery 1st psychological questionnaire More alike between siblings than unrelated people Animal Psychology Functionalism Before Darwin animals considered automata With Darwin s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 1872 Continuity between humans and animals Search for evidence of intelligence in animals o o o o human emotional behavior inheritance of behavior once useful to animals Studies of animal intelligence George J Romanes 1848 1894 British physiologist 1st to formalize and systematize study of animal intelligence Selected by Darwin to apply theory of evolution to the mind Animal Intelligence 1883 Similarity and continuity between humans animals Ladder of Mental Functioning Apes dogs indefinite morallity Monkey elephants use of tools Birds understanding words Reptiles recognition of people Fish association of similarity Method Anecdotal method Observational reports about animal behavior Technique Introspection by analogy Assuming same mental processes in the observer s mind also occur in the animal s mind Discarded Studies of animal intelligence Conway Lloyd Morgan 1852 1936 Romanes s designated successor Proposed law of parsimony keep it simple Goal Increase scientific rigor of comparative psychology Reduce anthropomorphism