GEOG 202 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideLecture 1Chapter 1-*Review tables and graphs in textbook*-Compare and Contrast, then analyze.-Total fertility rate: average number of kids a woman in that country will have in her lifetimeo2.1 is value for no population growth per generation -Population Pyramids:o Rapid Growtho Slow Growtho Negative Growth -The Demographic TransitionoAs a region industrializes, death rate drops followed by birth rate which then raises the population. Death rate and birth rate end up similar after but are much lower than preindustrial -Populations MovementsoMigration-Voluntary-Forced (ex. Refugees, slaves)-Push vs. pull factorsPush = forcedPull = attracted-Mostly Rural to UrbanToday the world is slightly over 50% urban Urbanization shows industrialization -Cultureo"Learned and shared behavior by a group of people empowering them with a distinct 'way of life'"-Includes material (technology, tools, etc.) and immaterial (speech, religion, values, etc.) componentsoShortened to Learned Behavior-Not geneticoLanguage and ReligionoWhen Cultures Collide-Cultural imperialismMore than one culture in the same place at the same time. One party takes over the others and wipes it out-Cultural nationalismMore than one culture occupies the same space at the same time but they coexist Aware of the other culture and can lead to more outward expression and pride (nonaggressive)-Cultural syncretism or hybridizationCultures mix and create a new culture. Implies that none of the previousculture survives, brand new culture.-Geopolitical FrameworkoNations vs. States-Nation - culture group, can occupy multiple countries or places-State - political group, countries because of boundaries and governments-Nation-states meet both criteriaoEthnic Separatism - competing forcesoCentrifugal forces: pull awayoCentripetal forces: unity oColonialism and Decolonization -When a more powerful country moves to other parts of the world, takes over and imposes the powerful country's government and way of life.-Generally for natural resources and wealth and colonized country usually hates it -Leaves parts of powerful country behind even after they leave -Economic and Development Indicators oGDP outdated, GNI is now used (Gross National Income)-Includes GDP, but also includes services oGlobal economic order in flux?-China moving into 1st place -Social Development IndicatorsoHealth CareoLiteracy RatesoGender inequalities -Latitude and LongitudeoEquator: 0 deg. LatitudeoTropics: between 23.5 deg. N and S latitudeoArctic: 66.5 degrees N or S latitudeoN pole: 90 degrees N latitudeoS pole: 90 degrees S latitudeoPrime Meridian: 0 degrees longitude at Greenwich, EnglandoN,S,E,W hemisphere-Map Projections oEvery map distorts something-Direction (true north)-Distance-Area Lecture 2Chapter 2-Earths environmental SystemsoIntersecting Spheres-Atmosphere-Hydrosphere-Biosphere -Earths GeologyoPlate Tectonics-Slow moving crustal plates -Moved by convection cells -Plate boundaries Diverging: new crust is formedConverging: old crust altered -Equal density - crushed and pushed upward -Geologic HazardsoSeismic Events -Earthquakes -VolcanoesoDirect Correlation between seismic activity and plate boundaries -Air: Global Climates oClimate controls*-Solar energyInsolation: incoming solar radiation Greenhouse Effect: atmospheric heating due to gases trapped by atmosphere -Influence of latitude-Land/water interactionWater moderates temperature -Distance from ocean-Dallas vs. Galveston -Dallas gets hotter and colder because of distance from ocean regardless of distance from equator -Amount of moisture in the air oClimate Change -Global Warming?-Anthropogenic causes?: Human-induced -Major Greenhouse gases:Air pollution from industrialization-Concern about effects Shifts in agriculture areas Rising sea levels -Globalization and Climate Change Tensions between developed and less developed countries Lecture 3-Ch. 8: Europe o42 countries west of Russian DomainoRelatively small region; densely settledoEastern boundary defined by world view oPhysical Setting -Marshy lowland around North Sea -Drought on the Iberian Peninsula-Mountainous Alps -Arctic conditions in northern Scandinavia -Plate boundary; earthquakes and volcanoes -New crustal formation along Mid-Atlantic Ridge Iceland of Mid-Atlantic Ridge -Volcanoes and geysers throughout Iceland -Geothermal Energy-Humans' Efforts to control-Volcano! -Heimaey, IcelandoEnvironmental Issues -Acid rain Woodland destruction by acid rain and toxic waste are legacies of communist rule (command economy) in Eastern Europe Emphasizes maximum industrial output -Coastal, river, and air pollution -Transformation of woodlands and wetlands -Dutch coastline, Dutch are best shoreline engineers in the world -Dutch Coastal Engineering25% of country near sea level Iconic image, Dutch boy with his finger in dike Windmills pump water out Miles long levee along coast Elaborate system of water gates/ robotic arms at Rotterdam Harbor oWorld Climate Regions -Much of Europe has a "maritime" climate -Mediterranean and Atlantic act as a "blanket"oClimate -Interpretation of climographsAverage daily temperatures highs and lows Average monthly participation Relative distance north or south of equator oMaritime Europe -Strong connection to seas Even as far as Norway's fjords-Landlocked countries must accessCanals and navigable rivers oRelative Size and Latitude of Europe -Smaller area than North America -Milder climate -More northerly population center -Higher population density, population: 531 millionoPopulation and Settlement -Relatively high population densities Urban industrial core Rural periphery -Negative natural growth -Need immigrants for workforce Lecture 4oDemographic trends -More than 530 million people -High population densities -Low total fertility rates -Native population is aging -Largest countries? Germany is largest population -Population and Settlement termsDemographics: related to study of populations Migration: movement of people -Immigration -Emigration -Transmigration - movement to different part of same country -Migration Europe needed labor after WWII Schengen Agreement (1985);