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TAMU GEOG 202 - Ch. 5: The Caribbean
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GEOG 202 Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture o Vladimir Putino Ukraine- Economic Development - Russian Future?- Russian Domain Issues Outline of Current Lecture - Ch. 5: The Caribbeano Physical Setting o Environmental Issueso Climate o Natural Hazards o Population and Settlemento Cultureo Geopolitical FrameworkCurrent Lecture-Ch. 5: The CaribbeanoPhysical Setting-Caribbean IslandsGreater Antilles-Cuba These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Hispaniola -Haiti -Dominican Republic-Puerto Rico-Jamaica-Belize (Central America)-Guianas (South America)Guyana (British)Suriname (Dutch)French Guiana-Isolated ProximityIndies Spanish Main -Worldview dominated by outlook on Caribbean Sea oEnvironmental Issues -Deforestation several hundred years agoSugar cane plantations Lumber for ships -Deforestation todayWood used for fuel by most Haitians -Causes washing away of top soil, serious environmental problemControversial logging (and mining) in Guianas interiorRoads: Good or Bad?oClimate: Tropical-Close to equator-Tropic of Cancer: Which hemisphere? Northern -Seasonal rainfalloNatural Hazards: Hurricanes -Others: flooding, mudslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes -2010 Earthquake in Haiti killed 316,000 people -MontserratVolcanic eruption in 1995 Covered capital of Plymouth oPopulation and Settlement-1st American region extensively explored and colonized by Europeans and African slaves -43 million people 26 countries and territories -Relatively high population densities Except RimlandsIncreasingly urban -Haiti: HIV/AIDs-Most populous countries?CubaHaitiDominican Republic-Highest Fertility Rate?Haiti -Caribbean Diaspora (forced migration)Emigration (leaving) to US and Europe -Circular Migration-Moving away and coming back-Chain Migration -Moves away without intent of returning, tell family and friends who then move and start a chain -Remittances -Person who moved away receives money and sends back to family -Controversial because of where they are spent, money is not being spent in community where generated so it hurts economy -Caribbean Cities Since 1960's-Rural to urban migration -60% urban Colonial influence in urban structure and architecture (Spanish)-Grid with central plaza Havana, Cuba -Most important port city in region -2.2 million people -Socialist mode: "frozen in time"-Newest cars are 50 years old -Chinese bikes-Crumbling Spanish architecture -Urban gardens Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic-Largest city in Caribbean - 2.7 million -Oldest continually occupied European city in the Americas ~1498-World heritage site because of Columbus -Site of first cathedral, hospital, customs house and university in the Americas African Diaspora - Transatlantic Slave Trade -Forced migration - over half of the slaves from Africa went to Caribbean oCulture: Creolization and Caribbean Identity -Blending of Cultural Elements:Neo-Africa in AmericasImpact of European colonialism Some Amerindian -MaroonsCommunities of runaway slaves Assimilated in Jamaica but still exist in Suriname and French GuianaSurvival of African traditions Pressures to modernize -Land conflict between maroons and private/state interests -Chinese logging -Languages (Cohesive in this region) Spanish - 25 million (Cuba and Dominican Republic) French - 10 million (Haiti) English - 6 million Dutch - 1/2 million Blended languages -Religion African Religious Influences 1st catholic cathedral in western hemisphere -Music and Carnival Music: Caribbean's best known product -African rhythms with European melody -Political and social protests Carnival: national street parties with roots in Mardi Gras -Not necessarily unique to this region but is still a part of their culture Sports (example of positive part of colonialism) Cricket in eastern Caribbean (from English)Baseball popular in Cuba and Dominican Republic NBA is popular -Geopolitical Framework European colonies for rum, sugar and spice production Spanish French English Dutch Today, for protection Neocolonialism: economic and political influence over weaker states Many colonies went back and forth between colonial powers resulting in"geopolitical blending"U.S. Military in Caribbean Monroe Doctrine, 1823: US wont allow European military in Western Hemisphere. US opposed to colonialism Cuba Independence from Spain in 1898 as result of US victory in Spanish-American War (result of Monroe Doctrine)Cuban revolution in 1950's Marxists Fidel Castro and his brother Raul led revolution, dictators Che Guevara, violent revolutionary Allied with Communist USSR then w/ Hugo Chavez's Venezuela. Now?After end of USSR in 1991 Other communist allies (Cuba) impacted "Changes to the Cuban diet after their oil-shock"-EconomyPopulation is poor by US standards but is Better than much of the developing world Exception --- Haiti, worst in Western Hemisphere Historic economy based on agriculture Sugar, coffee, and bananas Offshore Banking and Financial Services Bahamas: One of the worlds largest banking centers in 1970's Cayman Islands: regional leader in financial services in 1990's -Popular because tax exempt and confidential -Now, more scrutiny because of global terrorism Online gambling taking the place of offshore banking Opportunity: selling Internet access that avoids US routers?Tourism Negative -Capital leakage: gap between gross receipts and total tourist dollars thatremain in the region -Corporate headquarters outside region -Most jobs are low paying -Beachfront property turned over to tourist industry -Dependent upon strong world economy and stable politics Positives -Promotes stronger environmental regulation -Less destructive than export agriculture-Creates lots of jobs -Adds significantly to economy when there is no industrial output -Brings in money from


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